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Fig 1.

Unshaded and shaded PV array.

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Fig 1 Expand

Fig 2.

Social interaction for varying (a) l, (b) f in distance range [0, 1].

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Fig 2 Expand

Fig 3.

Flow chart of the proposed IGOA.

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Fig 3 Expand

Fig 4.

Block diagram of the Simulink model.

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Fig 4 Expand

Fig 5.

PV Characteristics curves under shaded and unshaded conditions.

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Fig 5 Expand

Table 1.

Irradiance level on each PV module (W/m2) and GMPP.

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Table 1 Expand

Table 2.

Simulink results comparison of SITs.

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Table 2 Expand

Fig 6.

(a) Output powers for the 4P6S setup, (b) duty ratios for the 4P6S setup.

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Fig 6 Expand

Fig 7.

(a) output powers for the 5P6S setup and (b) duty ratios for the 5P6S setup.

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Fig 7 Expand

Fig 8.

(a) Output powers for 6P6S setup, (b) duty ratios for 6P6S setup.

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Fig 8 Expand

Fig 9.

(a) output powers for 1P6S setup and (b) duty ratios for 1P6S setup.

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Fig 9 Expand

Table 3.

Parameters of the algorithms.

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Table 3 Expand

Fig 10.

(a) RE, MAE, RMSE for 5P6S setup and (b) standard deviation.

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Fig 10 Expand

Table 4.

Comparison of proposed IGOA with published research work.

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Table 4 Expand

Fig 11.

(a) Comparison with ISSAPSO [29], (b) GOA [35], (c) case 2 of [30] and (d) case 3 of [30].

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Fig 11 Expand