Fig 1.
Physical model of the negative pressure isolation ward: (a) schematic layout of the ward; (b) with a patient in the supine position; (c) with a patient in the sitting position.
Fig 2.
Layout of isolated wards based on ventilation strategies: (a)case1; (b)case2; (c)case3; (d)case4; (e)case5.
Table 1.
Sizes of the air supply inlets and exhaust air outlets.
Fig 3.
(a) The layout of the clean room and adjacent bathroom, (b) The location of air velocity measurement points.
Fig 4.
Simulated and measured air velocity data at three heights within the clean room: (a) 0.8 m, (b) 1.2 m, (c) 1.6 m.
Fig 5.
(a) Schematic diagram of the room; (b) Comparison of simulated and measured values of particle concentration with time.
Table 2.
Boundary condition.
Fig 6.
Mesh independent analysis based on mass flow rate and velocity outlet.
Fig 7.
Airflow distribution pattern with the patient in the supine position.
(a) Case1-sup (central plane); (b)Case1-sup(y = 800mm); (c)Case2-sup(y = 1700mm); (d)Case3-sup (y = 800mm); (e)Case4-sup (y = 800mm); (f)Case5-sup(y = 1400mm).
Fig 8.
Airflow distribution pattern with the patient in the sitting position.
(a) Case1-sit (central plane); (b) Case1-sit (y = 800mm); (c) Case2-sit (y = 1700mm); (d) Case3-sit (y = 800mm); (e) Case4-sit (y = 800mm); (f) Case5-sit (y = 1400mm).
Fig 9.
Spatial and temporal distribution of aerosol particles.
(a1)Case1-sup; (a2)Case1-sit; (b1)Case2-sup; (b2)Case2-sit; (c1)Case3-sup; (c2)Case3-sit; (d1)Case4-sup; (d2)Case4-sit; (e1)Case5-sup; (e2)Case5-sit.
Fig 10.
Migration of bioaerosols during 500s under different cases.
(a) Deposited bioaerosol fraction; (b) Escaped bioaerosol fraction; (c) Suspended bioaerosol fraction.
Fig 11.
Migration of bioaerosols at 500s under the optimized scenario (case5).
Fig 12.
Particle concentration in the overall ward and breathing area of HCWs under different cases at 500s.
Fig 13.
Different surface deposition fractions in the isolation ward under different cases.
(a) Case1; (b) Case5.