Fig 1.
Patterns of genome size (GS) variation in mulberry accession A) Distribution of individual GS estimates and their relationship with ploidy, B) average distribution of GS belonging to diverse Morus spp.
Fig 2.
Ploidy detection by flow cytometry and chromosomal counting.
Flow cytometry histograms of nuclei extracted from young leaf tissue of mulberry accessions comprising different ploidy groups and the corresponding chromosome numbers such as (A) diploid (2n = 2x = 28) (B) triploid (2n = 3x = 42), (C) tetraploid (2n = 4x = 56) and (D) hexaploid (2n = 6x = 84) with flow cytometry histograms depicting the relative fluorescence intensity obtained from the simultaneous analysis of isolated nuclei of mulberry leaves and the reference standard (Pisum sativum). Distinguishable predicted ploidy levels presented as histogram (E) and scattered plot (F). Average for the standards = 3.9% and for the sample = 2.9%.
Table 1.
Characteristics of the 20 SSR loci among the 82 mulberry accessions.
Fig 3.
(A) Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) plot of 82 mulberry accessions using SSR markers. The PCoA revealed that 8 Morus species were grouped into three major genetic clusters with a high level of intermixing. The first three coordinates of PCoA explained the 25.68% of the total variation (PC1: 9.90%; PC2: 8.94% and PC3: 6.84%). (B) The donut chart represents the percentage of species used in the present analysis. (C) Phylogenetic analysis of 82 mulberry accessions from diverse geographical regions belonging to different species was grouped into three clusters. Different species were highlighted with different colour as described in Fig 5B.
Fig 4.
Population structure of 82 mulberry accessions based on SSR markers.
A) Log probability of data, L (K) averaged over the replicates, B) Delta K values plotted as the number of subpopulations. (C) Subpopulations, K = 3 inferred using structure analysis.
Fig 5.
Box plot indicating variation of nine phenotypic traits, A- Inter-nodal distance (cm), B- Leaf-lamina length (cm), C- Leaf-lamina width (cm), D- Leaf area (sq.cm), E- Petiole length (cm), F- Petiole width (cm), G- Mature inflorescence length (cm), H- Mature fruit length (cm) I- Mature fruit width (cm) in the different ploidy levels detected in selected mulberry accessions.
Outliers are shown as circle.
Fig 6.
(A) Correlation plots of nine morphological traits and genome size (B) Principal component analysis (PCA) indicates the contribution and relationship between 9 traits to phenotypic diversity and genome size (GS). Colour intensity was used for scaling (0–15 range). (C) Heatmap illustration of clustering relationship between morphological traits with ploidy and species annotation. Colour variation represents the level of trait variation across the species, ploidy as well as accession level. (D) PCA result indicates ploidy-grouping and distribution of studied accessions at the species level. The abbreviation denoted in brackets: leaf-lamina length (LLL), leaf-lamina width (LLW), leaf area (LA), petiole width (PW), inter-nodal distance (InD), petiole length (PL), mature fruit length (MFL), mature inflorescence length (MIL), genome size (GS) and mature fruit width (MFW).