Fig 1.
Location map of the study domain and considered stations.
Fig 2.
Spatial variability of average annual precipitation over the NHP.
Table 1.
Locations and elevations of meteorological stations considered in this study.
Table 2.
The 11 ETCCDI-based extreme precipitation indices examined in this analysis and their respective definitions.
Fig 3.
Linear trends of the total annual, winter, and monsoon precipitation in the northern high lands of Pakistan during 1990 to 2020.
Z value represents the MMK test value and Q indicates the TS value.
Table 3.
Slope and trends of annual, winter, and monsoon precipitation.
Fig 4.
Spatial variability of MMK trend test values for annual, winter, and monsoon precipitation in the northern highlands of Pakistan.
Table 4.
Slope and trends of intensity-based six extreme precipitation indices.
Table 5.
Slopes and trends of CDD and CWD indices.
Table 6.
Slopes and trends of R10, R20, and R25 indices.
Fig 5.
Spatial distribution of MMK trend test values for extreme precipitation indices (grouped on the basis of intensity) in the northern highlands of Pakistan.
Fig 6.
Spatial distribution of trends of R10, R20, and R24 indices in the northern high lands of Pakistan.
Fig 7.
Spatial distribution of CDD and CWD trends in the northern highlands of Pakistan.