Fig 1.
Core construct of cognitive effort investment.
ξ residuals of the first-order factors set equal, ε error variances of the indicator variables set equal, 1 loadings of the indicator variables fixed to 1.
Fig 2.
Expected relation between actual effort investment and (A) demand and (B) payoff as a function of cognitive effort investment.
Fig 3.
Schematic illustration of the study procedure.
Fig 4.
Schematic trial procedure of the n-back and flanker task.
Table 1.
Main effects of cognitive abilities and crystallized intelligence in n-back and flanker task.
Table 2.
Correlation matrix for perceived task load in the cognitive task battery and flanker task.
Table 3.
Results for perceived task load analysis in n-back task.
Table 4.
Results for reaction time analysis in n-back and flanker task.
Fig 5.
Interaction plots of cognitive effort investment × payoff interaction for reaction time in the (A) n-back and (B) flanker task.
Table 5.
Results for accuracy analysis in n-back and flanker task.
Table 6.
Results for early frontal midline theta power analysis in n-back and flanker task.
Fig 6.
Interaction plot of cognitive effort investment × demand interaction for early frontal midline theta power in the flanker task.
Table 7.
Results for late frontal midline theta power analysis in n-back and flanker task.
Fig 7.
Mean ERPs at Fz, FCz, and Cz by conditions demand and payoff for the n-back and flanker task.
Vertical solid lines indicate stimulus onset. Vertical dashed lines indicate flanker onset in the flanker task. The gray area marks the time window of 310 ± 20 ms from target onset. The plots presented rely on raw data and should not be interpreted in terms of main effects, but rather serve to assess the quality of the EEG signal.
Table 8.
Results for N2 amplitude analysis in n-back and flanker task.
Fig 8.
Mean at ERPs Cz, CPz, and Pz by conditions demand and payoff for the n-back and flanker task.
Vertical solid lines indicate stimulus onset. Vertical dashed lines indicate flanker onset in the flanker task. The gray area marks the time window 400 ± 20 ms from target onset. The plots presented rely on raw data and should not be interpreted in terms of main effects, but rather serve to assess the quality of the EEG signal.
Table 9.
Results for P3 amplitude analysis in n-back and flanker task.
Fig 9.
Interaction plot of cognitive effort investment × payoff interaction for P3 amplitude in the n-back task.
Fig 10.
Mean pupil size by conditions demand and payoff for the n-back and flanker task.
Vertical solid lines indicate stimulus onset. Vertical dashed lines indicate flanker onset in the flanker task.
Table 10.
Results for pupil dilation analysis in n-back and flanker task.