Fig 1.
Pyramid of radicalization.
Fig 2.
Maps and histograms of the distributions of hate crime and deprivation indices.
Source for maps: Office for National Statistics licensed under the Open Government Licence v.3.0.
Fig 3.
Marginal effect visualizations of full models (5–7).
Table 1.
Linear regression of logged hate crime 2015–2018 on deprivation.
Fig 4.
Feature importance.
Fig 5.
Observed and predicted hate crimes rates, 2019–2021.
Source for maps: Office for National Statistics licensed under the Open Government Licence v.3.0.
Fig 6.
Comparing predictions with and without deprivation measures.