Fig 1.
The effect of isothiocyanate (ITC) on the performance of Trichoplusia ni: (A) Caterpillar weight (g), (B) caterpillar mortality (%), (C) developmental duration (days), and (D) pupal weight (g).
Values are means ± SE, significant differences are based on one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test at alpha level 0.05, caterpillar mortality was compared using generalized linear model.
Fig 2.
The effect of isothiocyanate (ITC) on the cellular immune response of Trichoplusia ni: (A) Total hemocyte count/caterpillar, (B) plasmatocyte numbers/caterpillar, (C) granulocyte numbers/caterpillar, (D) oenocytoid numbers/caterpillar, (E) pro-hemocyte numbers/caterpillar and (F) phenoloxidase (PO) activity at 490 nm, morphology of hemocytes recovered from T. ni: (G) plasmatocytes, (H) granulocytes, (I) oenocytoids, and (J) pro-hemocytes.
Values are means ± SE, significant differences are based on one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test at alpha level 0.05.
Fig 3.
The effect of isothiocyanate (ITC) on the humoral immune response of Trichoplusia ni: Relative expression profile of (A) cecropin, (B) lebocin, (C) defensin, (D) gloverin, and (E) gallerimycin before and after Escherichia coli treatment.
Values are means ± SE, significant differences are based on one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test at alpha level 0.05.