Fig 1.
Flowsheet diagram of synthesis of TK-NC and TV-NC nanocomposites.
Fig 2.
a) FTIR spectrum, b) powder XRD diffractogram, c) SEM micrograph with high magnification image in inset and d) EDX spectra with elemental composition in inset of HA.
Fig 3.
Calculation of slop and intercepts by liner plot of Williamsons Hall equation (βcosθ vs 4sinθ) for (a) HA, (b) KC, (c) VC, (d) TK-NC, (e) TV-NC.
Fig 4.
FTIR spectra (a, b) and XRD diffractogram (c, d) of KC and VC, respectively.
Fig 5.
SEM micrograph (a, b) of kaolinite and vermiculite clays along with EDX spectra with elemental composition presented in inset EDX spectra (c, d), respectively.
Fig 6.
a) FTIR spectrum, b) powder XRD diffractogram, c) SEM micrograph and d) EDX spectrum with elemental composition in inset of TBC.
Fig 7.
FT-IR (a, b) and powder XRD spectra (c, d) of nanocomposites TK-NC and TV-NC, respectively.
Fig 8.
SEM micrographs (a, b) and EDX spectra (c, d) and elemental composition in inset of nanocomposites TK-NC and TV-NC, respectively.
Fig 9.
MBV of TK-NC and TV-NC, and their pristine components.
Fig 10.
Effect of variation of time and fitting of kinetic models for Cu(II), Ni(II) and Cr(VI) adsorption on to TK-NC (a-c) and TV-NC (d-f) [T (25°C); pH (4.0); adsorbent dose (0.1 g); Ci (500 mg L-1)].
Table 1.
Adsorption kinetics model fitting parameters.
Fig 11.
Effect of variation of temperature (a, b), initial pH (c, d) and adsorbent dose (e, f) for adsorption Cu(II), Ni(II) and Cr(VI) on to TK-NC and TV-NC, respectively. [TK-NC: t (40, 50, 60 min); pH (4.0); adsorbent dose (0.1 g); Ci (500 mg L-1), TV-NC: t (50, 30, 50 min); pH (4.0); adsorbent dose (0.1 g); Ci (500 mg L-1) for Cu(II), Ni(II), and Cr(VI), respectively] [TK-NC: t (40, 50, 60 min); T (50, 50, 60°C); adsorbent dose (0.1 g); Ci (500 mg L-1), TV-NC: t (50, 30, 50 min); T (60, 50, 60°C); adsorbent dose (0.1 g); Ci (500 mg L-1) for Cu(II), Ni(II), and Cr(VI), respectively] [TK-NC: t (40, 50, 60 min); T (50, 50, 60°C); pH (5.0, 7.0, 3.0); Ci (500 mg L-1), TV-NC: t (50, 30, 50 min); T (60, 50, 60°C); pH (5.0, 7.0, 3.0); Ci (500 mg L-1) for Cu(II), Ni(II), and Cr(VI), respectively].
Table 2.
Thermodynamic parameters’ values for adsorption of Cu(II), Ni(II), and Cr(VI) on TK-NC and TV-NC.
Fig 12.
Effect of variation of initial metal ion concentration and fitting of isotherm models for Cu(II), Ni(II), and Cr(VI) adsorption on to TK-NC (a-c) and TV-NC (d-f) [TK-NC: t (40, 50, 60 min); T (50, 50, 60°C); pH (5.0, 7.0, 3.0); adsorbent dose (0.1 g), TV-NC: t (50, 30, 50 min); T (60, 50, 60°C); pH (5.0, 7.0, 3.0); adsorbent dose (0.1 g), for Cu(II), Ni(II), and Cr(VI), respectively].
Table 3.
Adsorption isotherm model fitting parameters.