Fig 1.
Digital tracings of the two large human figures dated in this study.
A: Anthropomorph–GS3 sample taken from the left foot; B: Anthropomorph–GS4 sample taken from the left arm.
Fig 2.
Location of Gua Sireh (Latitude 1° 10.9’ N and Longitude 110° 27.7’ E) relative to the city of Kuching (coordinates after Datan 1993) on the island of Borneo (inset).
Fig 3.
Gua Sireh main chamber entrance and outlook.
A) The entrance to Gua Sireh looking south (red arrow) ∼60 meters above the valley floor; B) outlook from the cave entrance northeast down to the valley (photographs taken by Paul S.C. Taçon).
Fig 4.
Plan view, digital elevation model of the floor of Gua Sireh.
Lighter colors show a steeper gradient of topography. Dashed lines indicate the location of chain wire fencing. Top: Numbers show the location of panels at the site. Red arrows indicate the location of cross-sections taken from the 3D model, bisecting the drawings of large humans dated in this study (panel no. 3 relates to our sample GS3 and 18 to GS4). Bottom: Overlay of excavation locations adapted from [13:21]. Abbreviations for excavators and dates undertaken: H/S ‘59 = Harrisson/Solheim (1959); ZM ‘77 = Zuraina Majid 1977; EK ‘80 = Edmond Kurui 1980; E8, F8, G8 and 89A = Ipoi Datan 1989.
Fig 5.
Cross sections bisecting the large anthropomorphic drawings dated in this study.
East/West Section: Panels 3, sample GS3. North/South Section: Panel 18, sample GS4.
Fig 6.
Plan overview of the Gua Sired cave system.
Shows the passage through Gunung Nambi (limestone hill) and the connecting passage between Gua Sireh and Gua Sebayan. Blue indicates the location of water (including underground rivers) (after [31:101], Fig 65).
Fig 7.
Sample location and pigment morphology.
Location of dating samples (red rectangles) with inset SEM micrographs of pigment morphology. A to C: GS1; D to F: GS2; G to I: GS3; and J to L: GS4.