Fig 1.
Changes of the hematologic indexes and immunoglobulins in IgAV rat models and control group.
** P<0.01, * P< 0.05. OVA, Ovalbumin group; GLI, Gliadin group; CON, Control group. WBC, White blood cell count. L, Lymphocyte count. N, Leutrophil count. PLT, Platelet count.
Fig 2.
IgA was positive in the mesangial region of the glomerulus (A), stomach (B), intestine (C), lung (D), skin (E) and brain (F) in both IgAV model groups. The control group was negative. IgA in liver was negative in all the groups. OVA, Ovalbumin group; GLI, Gliadin group. Scale bars 50μm.
Fig 3.
C3 was positive in the mesangial region of the glomerulus (A), stomach (B), intestine (C), lung (D), skin € and brain (F) in both IgAV model groups. The control group was negative. C3 in liver was negative in all the groups. OVA, Ovalbumin group; GLI, Gliadin group. Scale bars 50μm.
Fig 4.
Pathological changes in kidneys, stomach, and intestine of IgAV and control group.
OVA, Ovalbumin group; GLI, Gliadin group. Renal tissue: A, B and C. Gastric tissue: D, E, and F. Intestinal tissue: G, H, and I. Numerous renal tubular epithelial cells were denatured, with loose cytoplasm (black arrow), eosinophilic flocculent in the lumen (red arrow). The interstitial and glomerular capillaries were congestion (yellow arrows). The gastric mucosa was bleeding, epithelial cells necrosis (blue arrow), and eosinophil infiltration at the bottom of lamina proper (orange arrow), loose connective tissue arrangement (yellow arrow). The villi of the small intestine were dilated and hyperemic (yellow arrow), and the epithelial cells of the mucous membrane was exfoliated and exposed the lamina propria (black arrow). All the tissues were accompanied by inflammatory cell (red arrow) infiltration.
Fig 5.
PAS staining of mesangial changes in the glomerulus.
In both ovalbumin and gliadin groups, the glomerular mesangial was thickening, mesangial cell and matrix proliferation, and focal glomerulonephritis. A, Ovalbumin group; B, Gliadin group; C, Control group.
Fig 6.
Circulating cf-DNA, MPO-DNA levels in IgAV models groups and control groups.
cf-DNA (A), MPO-DNA (B) were elevated in the IgAV model groups compared to the control group (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01). There were no differences between the gliadin group and ovalbumin group (P > 0.05). OVA, Ovalbumin group; GLI, Gliadin group; CON, Control group.
Fig 7.
Multiple fluorescence staining of NETs in renal tissue.
DAPI, blue; citH3, pink; NE, red; D, MPO, green. OVA, Ovalbumin group; GLI, Gliadin group; CON, Control group. Immunofluorescence staining for cit-H3, NE and MPO. DAPI was used for DNA staining and is shown in blue. NETs were labeled for extracellular DNA, and cit-H3 was seen to co-localize with MPO/NE in the mesangial area of the glomeruli.
Fig 8.
Multiple fluorescence staining of NETs in gastric antrum.
DAPI blue; citH3, pink; NE, red; MPO, green. OVA, Ovalbumin group; GLI, Gliadin group; CON, Control group. Scale bars 20μm. NETs were present in the mucosa of gastric antrum of both IgAV model groups but absent in control group. Scale bars 20μm.
Fig 9.
Multiple fluorescence staining of NETs in intestinal tissue.
DAPI blue; citH3, pink; NE, red; MPO, green. OVA, Ovalbumin group; GLI, Gliadin group; CON, Control group. NETs were present in the villi mucosal and submucosal tissues of the duodenum of both IgAV model groups but absent in control group. Scale bars 20μm.