Fig 1.
Overview of the study design and respective five working steps: From 1) listing the data sets used, 2) aggregation of spatiotemporal weather indices (WIs), 3) spatial aggregation of the soil and WI data, 4) integration of all data into one comprehensive data set and 5) statistical analysis.
Fig 2.
Phenological phases with values according to the BBCH scale available from the PHASE model and growing phases (colored) for winter wheat along the vegetation period.
Table 1.
List of moderate, severe, and extreme heat and drought WIs for the growing periods stem elongation and booting phase (SEB), reproductive phase (RP) and generative phase (GP).
Fig 3.
A Federal states in Germany. B Fifty Soil Climate Regions (SCRs) within the federal states of Germany. The designation of the numbered SCRs is shown in Table A in S1 File. The maps were reprinted from [53] under a CC BY license, with permission from [GeoBasis-DE/ BKG], original copyright [2023].
Fig 4.
Variance reduction (VR) of the analyzed heat and drought WIs.
For WI abbreviations, see Table 1. VR is calculated based on (Eq (2)).
Fig 5.
Drought stress during the stem elongation and booting phase (SEB, BBCH 31–50) for moderate (<50% PAWC), severe (<30% PAWC) and extreme (<10% PAWC) stress intensities.
Mean occurrence (A, D, G) describes the average number of days above the respective thresholds between 1995 and 2019 at the municipality level. Estimated coefficients (B, E, H) describe the WI x SCR regression coefficients of Eq 1 for each SCR. Nonsignificant values are given in dark gray. Significant values are given in red (negative effect) or blue (positive effect). The regression coefficients and p-values are displayed in Tables P-R in S1 File. Mean yield effects (C, F, I) describe the average yield change in dt ha−1 per municipality between 1995 and 2019. The median values below each map refer to the median of all municipalities’ SCRs with significant effects on the respective index. The maps were reprinted from [53] under a CC BY license, with permission from [GeoBasis-DE/ BKG], original copyright [2023].
Fig 6.
Drought stress during the reproductive phase (RP, BBCH 51–75) for moderate (<50% PAWC), severe (<30% PAWC) and extreme (<10% PAWC) intensities.
Mean occurrence (A, D, G) describes the average number of days above the respective thresholds between 1995 and 2019 at the municipality level. Estimated coefficients (B, E, H) describe the WI x SCR regression coefficients of Eq 1 for each SCR. Nonsignificant values are given in dark gray. Significant values are given in red (negative effect) or blue (positive effect). The regression coefficients and p values are displayed in Tables M-O in S1 File. Mean yield effects (C, F, I) describe the average yield change in dt ha−1 per municipality between 1995 and 2019. The median values below each map refer to the median of all municipalities’ SCRs with significant effects on the respective index. The maps were reprinted from [53] under a CC BY license, with permission from [GeoBasis-DE/ BKG], original copyright [2023].
Fig 7.
Heat stress during the reproductive phase (RP, BBCH 51–75) for moderate (Tmax > 27°C), severe (Tmax > 29°C) and extreme (Tmax > 31°C) intensities.
Mean occurrence (A, D, G) describes the average number of days above the respective thresholds between 1995 and 2019 at the municipality level. Estimated coefficients (B, E, H) describe the WI x SCR regression coefficients of Eq 1 for each SCR. Nonsignificant values are given in dark gray. Significant values are given in red (negative effect) or blue (positive effect). The regression coefficients and p values are displayed in Tables G-I in S1 File. Mean yield effects (C, F, I) describe the average yield change in dt ha−1 per municipality between 1995 and 2019. The median values below each map refer to the median of all municipalities’ SCRs with significant effects of the respective index. The maps were reprinted from [53] under a CC BY license, with permission from [GeoBasis-DE/ BKG], original copyright [2023].