Fig 1.
(I) and (II) the difference between the data before and after performing the clustering. I. Before, II. After.
Fig 2.
The Pseudocode of MBHA algorithm.
Fig 3.
The flowchart for the MBHA algorithm.
Table 1.
Benchmark test functions.
Table 2.
Parameter setting.
Table 3.
The results of the standard and modified Black Hole Algorithm.
Table 4.
The Wilcoxon signed rank test.
Fig 4.
The convergence of (f1).
Fig 5.
The convergence of (f2).
Fig 6.
The convergence of (f3).
Fig 7.
The convergence of (f4).
Fig 8.
The convergence of (f5).
Fig 9.
The convergence of (f6).
Table 5.
Main characteristics of the test datasets.
Table 6.
The sum of intra-cluster distances and error rate obtained by MBHA and STANDARD algorithms on different datasets.
Table 7.
The results of the statistical analysis tests.
Table 8.
The sum of intra-cluster distances and error rate obtained by MBHA and modified algorithms on different datasets.