Table 1.
Symbols and corresponding notes.
Fig 1.
The relationship between participants under CS.
Fig 2.
Impact of θ on enterprises operation and profits under CS.
(a) Impact of θ on the carbon emission reduction level. (b) Impact of θ on market demand. (c) Impact of θ on the profits of the supplier and the retailer.
Fig 3.
(a) Impact of the interest rate on the feasible region of CS. (b) Impact of the sensitivity of market demand to carbon emission reduction level on the feasible region of CS.
Fig 4.
The relationship between participants under PF.
Fig 5.
Impact of on enterprises decision and profits under PF.
(a)Impact of on the carbon emission reduction level. (b)Impact of
on profit difference.
Fig 6.
(a) Impact of the preferential margin of interest rate on the feasible region of PF. (b) Impact of the sensitivity of market demand to carbon emission reduction level on the feasible region of PF.
Fig 7.
The Pareto region that all players prefer PF over CS.
Fig 8.
Comparison of the results under different models with different preferential margin of interest rate.
(a) Comparison of the carbon emission reduction level. (b) Comparison of the retailer’s profit. (c) Comparison of the supplier’s profit.