Fig 1.
PRISMA flow chart of the study identification process.
** Details are provided in S2 Text.
Fig 2.
Choropleth map of countries represented in the systematic review according to the number of studies in which each country is represented.
The base layer map is obtained in QGIS version 3.28 (Firenze) software, which imports the world map from Natural Earth, which is in the public domain and available from https://www.naturalearthdata.com; with terms of use available in http://www.naturalearthdata.com/about/terms-of-use/.
Table 1.
Description of community-based health insurance (CBHI) schemes in LMICs reported in included studies.
Table 2.
Summary of the reported impact of CBHI schemes on healthcare utilization and financial risk protection from included studies.
Adjusted effect estimates (with 95% confidence interval, where applicable) in bold.
Fig 3.
Studies reporting the impact of CBHI schemes on healthcare utilization and financial risk protection in LMICs.
Table 3.
CBHI impact on healthcare utilization and financial risk protection by CBHI mode, duration of scheme, and region.
Fig 4.
Pooled estimate for impact of CBHI on (A) Healthcare utilization (non-specific), (B) Use of outpatient health services, (C) Health facility delivery, and (D) Inpatient hospitalization. CI: Confidence interval.
Fig 5.
Pooled estimate for impact of CBHI on OOP expenditure.
CI: Confidence interval.
Fig 6.
Pooled estimate for impact of CBHI on catastrophic health expenditure at (A) 10% total household expenditure, (B) 40% Non-food expenditure. CI: Confidence interval.