Fig 1.
A. Location map of Perdigões archaeological site in the Iberian Peninsula, B) Aerial photo of Perdigões ditch enclosures.
Fig 2.
In dark grey: the two stratigraphic units (SUs 72 and 74) containing human remains associated with charcoals and the grave goods.
Fig 3.
Sound woods transversal anatomical section of Olea europaea var. sylvestris (A), Quercus suber (B), and Pinus pinaster (C) heated at 350°C.
Samples were photographed with SEM.
Fig 4.
O. europaea, Quercus spp. (evergreen) and P. pinaster archaeological charcoal samples observed and photographed with SEM.
(A, B) Transversal and radial sections of an O. europaea sample, (C, D) Transversal and tangential sections of a Quercus spp. (evergreen) sample, (E, F) Transversal and radial sections of a P. pinaster sample.
Fig 5.
Cistus sp., A. unedo, F. cf. angustifolia and Fabaceae archaeological charcoal samples observed and photographed with SEM.
(A, B) Transversal and tangential sections of a Cistus sp. sample, (C, D) Transversal and tangential sections of an A. unedo sample, (E) Transversal section of a F. cf. angustifolia sample, (F) Transversal section of a Fabaceae sample.
Table 1.
Absolute number (N), relative frequency (%) and relative frequency corrected for ubiquity (%U) of taxa found in Pit 16.
Fig 6.
A) Relative frequency of taxa found in Pit 16, B) Relative frequency of taxa found in the SU72 and in the SU74.
Fig 7.
Charcoal size classes identified in Pit 16.
Fig 8.
This figure represents the overlay of the infrared spectra to show possible differences among replicates.
Medium infrared spectrum (MIR) of archaeological charcoal of O. europaea (A), Quercus spp. (evergreen) (B) and P. pinaster (C) retrieved from a) SU74 and b) SU72.
Fig 9.
Cross-validation plots for crematory temperature of modern charred woods taxa: A) O. europaea var. sylvestris, B) Q. suber (evergreen type) and C) P. pinaster, generated by partial least squares (PLS) regression using infrared spectral as predictors.
Fig 10.
Superposition of variable importance for projection (VIP) of spectral points and average infrared spectra of modern char particles of O. europaea var. sylvestris (A), Q. suber (B) and P. pinaster (C).
Table 2.
Mean, minimum and maximum temperature (°C) values of the three main taxa from SU74 and SU72.
One-way ANOVA, the different letters indicate significant (p < 0.05) mean temperature (°C) differences between taxa according to the Tukey test.