Fig 1.
Scheme of the experimental work.
Fig 2.
Graphical representation of the effect of emodin and pioglitazone on mechanical allodynia on 0, 7, 14 and 21th day.
Data expressed as mean ± SEM, (n = 6).Two-way ANOVA followed by post-hoc Tukey test. ###P < 0.001 vs. sham and *P < 0.05, **P< 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs. chronic constriction injury (CCI).
Fig 3.
Graphical representation of the effect of emodin and pioglitazone on cold allodynia on 3, 7, 14 and 21th day.
Data expressed as mean ± SEM, (n = 6). Two-way ANOVA followed by post-hoc Tukey test. ###P < 0.001 vs. sham and *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs. chronic constriction injury (CCI).
Fig 4.
Represents the effect of emodin and pioglitazone on paw deformation in chronic constriction injury.
Fig 5.
Graphical representation of the effect of Emodin and Pioglitazone against (A) glutathione-S-transferase (GST), (B) reduced glutathione (GSH), (C) catalase and (D) lipid peroxidation (LPO) in CCI treated rats’ spinal cord and sciatic nerve tissues. Values expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 5/group). One-way ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey’s test. ###P < 0.001 vs. sham and *P< 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P< 0.001 vs. chronic constriction injury (CCI).
Table 1.
A and B represents the effect of emodin on expression of nitric oxide (NO) in spinal cord and sciatic nerve.
Fig 6.
Histopathological slides showing effect of emodin and pioglitazone in CCI treated rats spinal cord and sciatic nerve tissues using hematoxylin and eosin staining histopathological technique.
Bar 50 μm, magnification 40 x.
Fig 7.
Effect of Emodin and Pioglitazone against (A) cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), (B) phosphorylated-nuclear factor kappa B (p-NFƙB) and (C) tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in CCI treated rats’ spinal cord and sciatic nerve tissues measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. Values expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 5/group). Two-way ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey’s test. ###P < 0.001 vs. sham and *P< 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P< 0.001 vs. chronic constriction injury (CCI).
Fig 8.
Effect of Emodin and Pioglitazone against (A) Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR-γ), by ELISA (B) RT-PCR. Values expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 5/group). Two-way ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey’s test. ###P < 0.001 vs. sham and *P< 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs. chronic constriction injury (CCI).
Fig 9.
Possible mechanism underlying the antioxidant, analgesic and anti-inflammatory potential of emodin in CCI-induced NP.