Table 1.
Baseline participant characteristics for the recovered and unrecovered groups.
Fig 1.
Serum concentrations of IL-8 (panel A) and IL-10 (panel B) at baseline, three- and six-month follow-ups in participants who did and did not recover at six months. Box plots represent median (horizontal line), 25th and 75th percentiles (box), and the ranges for the bottom and top 5th percentiles of the data values (outside the box). Linear mixed-effects models showed IL-8 and IL-10 levels (p<0.05) were higher in the unrecovered group than the recovered group at three months. IL = interleukin.
Table 2.
Linear mixed-effects model results of serum concentrations of inflammatory molecules, pain and disability, and psychological factors between the recovered and unrecovered LBP groups over time (baseline, three and six months).
Fig 2.
Pain (panel A; measured by a 0–10 numeric rating scale) and disability (panel B; measured by Roland Morrison Disability Questionnaire) at baseline, three and six months in participants who did and did not recover at six months. Box plots represent median (horizontal line), 25th and 75th percentiles (box), and the ranges for the bottom and top 5th percentiles of the data values (outside the box). Linear mixed-effects models showed pain and disability reduced at three months compared with baseline and remained stable at six months in both groups. Pain and disability were significantly lower in the recovered group than the unrecovered group at three and six months.
Fig 3.
Anxiety (panel A; measured by DASS-21 Anxiety subscale), pain catastrophising (panel B; measured by Pain Catastrophising Scale total score) and pain self-efficacy (panel C; measured by Pain Self- Efficacy Scale) at baseline, three and six months in participants who did and did not recover at six months. Box plots represent median (horizontal line), 25th and 75th percentiles (box), and the ranges for the bottom and top 5th percentiles of the data values (outside the box). Significant group and session effects derived from linear mixed-effects model are depicted.
Table 3.
Loading factor of the psychological factors in the principal components with eigenvalue > 1 at baseline.
Table 4.
Coefficients of the linear regression models for the relationships between the first principal component (PC1) at baseline and serum concentrations of the inflammatory biomarkers at baseline, three and six months.