Fig 1.
Directed acyclic graph showing relationships between variables.
Race, age, gender, education, income/wealth, and neighborhood exposures all have direct effects on DNAm aging as well as indirect effects through the pathways indicated. Race, age, and gender are associated with education, income, and wealth, all of which influence one’s residential location and neighborhood exposures.
Table 1.
Sample characteristics and racial disparities.
Table 2.
GrimAge aging: Multivariable associations with individual covariates and neighborhood exposures.
Table 3.
DPoAm aging: Multivariable associations with individual covariates and neighborhood exposures.
Fig 2.
Predicted association between DPoAm aging and PM2.5 by social determinants.
Estimated marginal mean values of DPoAm aging from models shown in Table 4. Interactions between PM2.5 and race (A), gender (B), wealth/income (C), and Social Deprivation Index (D) shown in solid lines, 95% confidence intervals shaded.
Table 4.
DPoAm aging: Interactions between environmental and social determinants and PM2.5 pollution exposure.
Fig 3.
Threefold decomposition of individual and neighborhood contributions to racial disparity in DNAm aging.
Magnitude of the endowment and coefficient terms and 95% confidence intervals for GrimAge (A) and DPoAm (B) aging.