Table 1.
Explanatory variables of traffic crash data in Michigan roundabouts.
Fig 1.
Flow chart of the optimized multivariate Grey-Markov model.
Fig 2.
Grey relational grades of each independent variable associated with traffic crashes in roundabouts.
Fig 3.
Fitted accuracies of different Multivariable Grey (MGM(1,n)) models.
Table 2.
Markov states of MGM(1,4) output values.
Table 3.
Predicted Markov state transitions of yearly traffic crash figures.
Fig 4.
Comparison between existing GM [47] and MGMs [48] in literature and the MGM-Markov model.
(a) Model-fitted total roundabout crashes; (b) Relative error values.