Table 1.
Summary of inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Fig 1.
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 flow diagram.
*Other resources that were identified through searching the gray literature and hand search.
Table 2.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of included studies.
Table 3.
Measurement protocol of included studies.
Fig 2.
Differences in movement variability between people with LBP and healthy controls (CON) while preforming repeated flexion and extension tasks.
Abbreviations: Sym: symmetric; Asym: Asymmetric; %DET: Percentage determinism; SaEn: Sample entropy; Var: Variability.
Fig 3.
Differences in movement variability between people with LBP and healthy controls (CON) while preforming lifting tasks.
Abbreviations: DET: Determinism; REC: recurrence rate; Var: Variability.
Fig 4.
Differences in movement variability between people with LBP and healthy controls (CON) during walking or running tasks.
Abbreviations: CV: Coefficient of Variation; SD: Standard deviation: Var: Variability.
Fig 5.
Differences in movement variability between people with LBP and healthy controls (CON) during sit to stand task.
Abbreviations: SD: Standard deviation: Var: Variability.
Table 4.
Quality rating instrument using modified Downs and Black Scale (adjusted specifically for the current review).
Table 5.
Quality of evidence assessment based on Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria.