Fig 1.
Study schematic depicting participants and sampling timelines.
Table 1.
Demographics of pregnant women (n = 137) who underwent Caesarean surgical delivery and screened for isolation of E. coli, K. pneumoniae and Enterobacter spp.
Table 2.
E. coli, K. pneumoniae and Enterobacter spp. isolated and investigated (n = 104).
Table 3.
Other Gram-negative bacteria identified, n = 131 (%).
Table 4.
Antibiotic susceptibility characteristics of the EKE bacterial isolates n, (%)*.
Table 5.
Multiple resistance patterns to classes of antibiotics.
Table 6.
Prevalence of beta-lactamases and carbapenemases.
Table 7.
Summary of the antibiotic resistance genes among PCR-positive isolates.
Fig 2.
Cluster analysis of phenotypic susceptibility characteristics.
Depicts seven clusters comprising drug resistant isolates of E. coli, K. pneumoniae and Enterobacter spp. with similar antibiotic susceptibility profiles hence, potential transmission of MDR bacteria from mothers/environment to new-borns. Clusters of isolates with similar susceptibility characteristics are denoted with an asterisk (*).
Fig 3.
Cluster analysis of genotypic susceptibility characteristics.
Depicts isolates of E. coli, K. pneumoniae and Enterobacter spp. with similar molecular susceptibility profiles hence, potential transmission of MDR bacteria from mothers to new-borns in the maternity ward. Asterisks (*) denote isolates from mothers, babies and/or environment with similar genotypic characteristics.
Fig 4.
Hypothetical sources of MDR K. pneumoniae, E. coli and Enterobacter spp. in the maternity ward of Mulago hospital.