Table 1.
Comparison between sport events and Hajj (based on [18]).
Fig 1.
Hajj transport network (routes for buses, trains, and pedestrians) (Reprinted from [25] under a CC BY license, with permission from co-author Dr Faizan Ur Rehman, original copyright 2021).
Note: The road network connecting Arafat consists of nine main roads [26, 27], of which seven, with lengths between 7 and 10 km are linked to Muzdalifah [27]. The maximum speed on these roads is 60 km/h and each has capacity 800 buses/h [26].
Table 2.
Pedestrian routes between Hajj sites [13] (p. 10).
Fig 2.
Movement 1 from Arafat to Muzdalifah (Al-Sabban and Ramadan 2005, p.76) [6].
Fig 3.
Transport operations at Hajj 2019.
Note: The percentages represent the proportions of transported pilgrims by modes.
Fig 4.
Mina-Arafat movement patterns of Al-Mashaaer Metro during Hajj (by permission from [31]).
Note: Trains do not stop at Muzdalifah Stations 1, 2, and 3. The colours indicate the matching boarding-alighting stations.
Table 3.
Number of pilgrims transported by buses from site to site [34].
Table 4.
Train operations between the holy sites.
Fig 5.
Pilgrims’ numbers and movements between the holy sites on the first two days of Hajj (Department of Transport, Ministry of Hajj, 2019).
(A) Transported pilgrims (Makkah–Mina) on the 1st day and number of buses allocated. (B) Pilgrims transported by Conventional and Shuttle buses (Mina–Arafat) on the 2nd day and number of buses allocated. (C) Pilgrims transported by Conventional buses (Makkah–Arafat) on the 2nd day and number of buses allocated. (D) Pilgrims transported by train (Mina–Arafat) on the 2nd day. (E) Pilgrims walking (Mina–Arafat) on the 2nd day. (F) Pilgrims transported by Shuttle buses (Arafat–Muzdalifah) on the 2nd day and number of buses allocated. (G) Pilgrims transported by Conventional buses (Arafat–Muzdalifah) on the 2nd day and number of buses allocated. (H) Pilgrims transported by train (Arafat–Muzdalifah) on the 2nd day. (I) Pilgrims walking (Arafat–Muzdalifah) on the 2nd day.
Table 5.
Validation of module 1 (TM1)—from Makkah to Mina by conventional buses on the 1st day (simulated and reported door-to-door travel times).
Table 6.
Validation of module 2 (TM2)–from Makkah and Mina to Arafat by all transport modes on the 8th and 9th days (simulated and reported door-to-door travel times).
Table 7.
Validation of module 3 (TM3)–from Arafat to Muzdalifah by all transport modes on the 2nd day (simulated and reported door-to-door travel times).
Table 8.
Selection of developed transport scenarios.
Table 9.
Allocated scenarios’ results of TM1.
Table 10.
‘New mode share’ scenario results of TMs 2 and 3 (% allocation ONLY buses)*.
Table 11.
Suggested transport solutions for identified problems (scenarios from Tables 9 and 10).