Fig 1.
Diagram of the study design.
Fig 2.
In yellow is the central section of the holding area, surrounded by the peripheral section (in green). The restraining chute where the animals were handled for data collection is highlighted in red. Horses were allowed to roam freely between the sections of the holding.
Fig 3.
Video camera and observer positioning for capturing body and facial behaviors of horses while in the restraining chute.
Table 1.
Behaviors assessed during the restraining period in a horse chute.
Table 2.
Facial action units (FAUs) assessed in the study using EquiFACS: The equine facial action coding system.
Table 3.
Total events of infrequently occurring body behaviors of all 13 mares observed during all sessions of 60-sec interval in a restraining chute.
Table 4.
Estimated means for the positively reinforced (PR) and control phases from mixed linear regression models of each facial action unit (FAU) evaluated in 13 mares.