Fig 1.
The movement of Cauchy distribution and Lévy flight.
Table 1.
The experimental of HGJO with different γ.
Fig 2.
The variation curves of the two escape energies.
Table 2.
The benchmark functions of CEC2022.
Table 3.
Runtime environment.
Table 4.
The parameters setting of all algorithms.
Fig 3.
The average time slots for all algorithms.
Table 5.
The results of CEC2022 for all algorithm.
Table 6.
The Wilcoxon signed-rank test for CEC2022.
Fig 4.
The convergence curves for all algorithms on CEC2022 benchmark functions.
Fig 5.
The box plots for all algorithms on CEC2022 benchmark functions.
Fig 6.
The selected images for segmentation.
Fig 7.
The RGB histogram of C0080 and C0088.
Fig 8.
The RGB histogram of C0132 and C0135.
Fig 9.
The RGB histogram of C0180 and C0536.
Fig 10.
The RGB histogram of C1088 and L0032.
Fig 11.
The RGB histogram of L0064 and L0135.
Fig 12.
The RGB histogram of L0158 and L0226.
Fig 13.
The RGB histogram of L0699 and L0879.
Fig 14.
The RGB histogram of L1074 and X0017.
Table 7.
The PSNR results for all algorithms.
Table 8.
The SSIM results for all algorithms.
Table 9.
The FSIM results for all algorithms.
Table 10.
Comparison of the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for Otsu method.
Fig 15.
The segmentation results for C0180.