Fig 1.
The location of the parish of Fewston; West House mill, located in Blubber houses.
Fig 2.
Example of a coffin plate excavated from the cemetery.
Fig 3.
Burial records for Fewston church showing the dramatic increase in deaths amongst those aged 13–19 years (black bars) during the height of the mill’s productivity in the early 19th century.
Table 1.
Parishes known to have sent children to the West House Mill, Fewston (data taken from Honeyman [7] (p. 268).
Fig 4.
Age and sex distribution of the Fewston skeletal sample.
The sexes of the non-adults include the 11 peptide skeletons, 1 coffin plate skeleton, and four older teenagers who were sexed morphologically.
Fig 5.
Strontium and oxygen isotope profiles of the named adults and those aged 8–20 years.
Daniel Fox is labelled in an open orange square because prior to analysis his identity was not completely certain.
Table 2.
Summary statistics for the strontium and oxygen isotope values categorized by ‘named’, ‘unknown adult’ and ‘adolescent’ individuals from Fewston.
Fig 6.
Scatterplot of humans from Fewston with animals from Hungate, York with the outlying pig specimen with a δ13C value of -10.2‰ omitted to allow for greater clarity in the plot.
Fig 7.
Raincloud (boxplot + violin + jitter) plots [99] of human data categorized by age or named status for group sizes >5.
Table 3.
Summary statistics for humans from Fewston by age category and named status.
Table 4.
Summary statistics for animals from Hungate, York, by species used as a comparative baseline.
Fig 8.
Plot of mean and standard deviations for δ13C and δ15N in populations previously studied from the post-medieval period against age categories from Fewston where sample size >5 individuals (denoted with prefix F).
Sites in London are denoted by ‘_L’. Reference populations derive from: York [100], Coventry and Chelsea [89], Birmingham [101], Lukin Street and Kilkenny Workhouse [78], Chichester low/mid status and high status denoted by burial type [102] (S2 Appendix), Spitalfields [103], Queen’s Chapel Savoy and St Barnabas [85]. Comparative data can be found in S2 Appendix.
Table 5.
Crude prevalence of rickets, scurvy and cribra orbitalia.
Fig 9.
Dental enamel hypoplasia on the upper deciduous and permanent teeth of SK 232.
Table 6.
Crude prevalence rates of isotopically identified non-local children aged 8–20 years (excluding Sk 071 and Sk 262 who may be local) with different forms of DEH.
Fig 10.
Woven bone on the visceral surface of the vertebral end of a left rib of SK 334.
Fig 11.
Age distribution of boys and girls known to have been sent to Fewston parish as pauper apprentices.