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Table 1.

Comparison of intrusion detection systems.

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Table 1 Expand

Fig 1.

The architecture of LSTM cell.

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Fig 1 Expand

Fig 2.

The architecture of ILSTM.

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Fig 2 Expand

Table 2.

NSL-KDD dataset description.

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Table 2 Expand

Fig 3.

Shap analysis for NSL-KDD in binary classification.

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Fig 3 Expand

Fig 4.

Shap analysis for NSL-KDD in multi-class classification.

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Fig 4 Expand

Table 3.

Transformation of symbolic features in NSL-KDD.

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Table 3 Expand

Fig 5.

Performance test on KDDTest+ with increasing learning rate.

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Fig 5 Expand

Table 4.

Parameter setting for LSTM.

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Table 4 Expand

Table 5.

Parameter setting for CBOA and PSO.

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Table 5 Expand

Table 6.

Summary of LITNET-2020 dataset.

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Table 6 Expand

Fig 6.

SHAP analysis for LITNET-2020 dataset.

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Fig 6 Expand

Fig 7.

LITNET-2020 data splitting approach.

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Fig 7 Expand

Fig 8.

Confusion matrices for KDDTest+ in binary classification.

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Fig 8 Expand

Table 7.

Comparison between LSTM, LSTM-BOA, LSTM-CBOA and ILSTM using KDDTest+ and KDDTest-21 in binary classification with average 10 runs.

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Table 7 Expand

Fig 9.

Accuracy and number of iterations for LSTM and ILSTM using KDDTest+ in binary classifications.

A: LSTM. B: ILSTM.

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Fig 9 Expand

Fig 10.

Confusion matrices for KDDTest-21 in binary classification.

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Fig 10 Expand

Fig 11.

LSTM vs ILSTM for KDDTest-21 for binary classification.

A: LSTM. B: ILSTM.

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Fig 11 Expand

Fig 12.

MSE for ILSTM algorithm in binary classification.

A: KDDTest+. B: KDDTest-21.

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Fig 12 Expand

Table 8.

Statistic Test for KDDTest+ and KDDTest-21 in binary classification.

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Table 8 Expand

Fig 13.

Comparison between ILSTM and machine learning-based algorithms in binary classification.

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Fig 13 Expand

Fig 14.

Comparison between ILSTM and deep learning-based algorithms in binary classification.

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Fig 14 Expand

Table 9.

Comparison between other methods in literature using KDDTest+ for binary classification.

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Table 9 Expand

Fig 15.

Confusion matrices of ILSTM using KDDTest+ for multi-classification.

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Fig 15 Expand

Table 10.

Comparison between LSTM, LSTM-BOA, LSTM-CBOA and ILSTM using KDDTest+ in Multi-class classification with average 10 runs.

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Table 10 Expand

Fig 16.

LSTM vs ILSTM for KDDTest+ in multi-class classification.

A: LSTM. B: ILSTM.

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Fig 16 Expand

Fig 17.

Confusion matrices for KDDTest-21 in multi classification.

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Fig 17 Expand

Table 11.

Comparison between LSTM, LSTM-BOA, LSTM-CBOA and ILSTM using KDDTes-21 in multi-class classification with average 10 runs.

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Table 11 Expand

Fig 18.

LSTM vs ILSTM for KDDTest-21 in multi-class classification.

A: LSTM. B: ILSTM.

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Fig 18 Expand

Fig 19.

MSE evaluation for the ILSTM algorithm in multi-class classification.

A: KDDTest+. B: KDDTest-21.

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Fig 19 Expand

Table 12.

Statistic test for KDDTest+ and KDDTest-21 in multi-class classificatio.

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Table 12 Expand

Fig 20.

Comparison with machine learning methods in multi-class classification.

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Fig 20 Expand

Fig 21.

Comparison with deep learning methods in multi-class classification.

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Fig 21 Expand

Table 13.

Comparison between other methods in literature using KDDTest+ for multi-class classification.

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Table 13 Expand

Fig 22.

Confusion matrices for LITNET-2020 dataset in binary classification.

A: LSTM. B: ILSTM.

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Fig 22 Expand

Fig 23.

LSTM vs ILSTM for LITNET-2020 in binary classification.

A: LSTM. B: ILSTM.

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Fig 23 Expand

Table 14.

Comparison between LSTM and ILSTM using LITNET-2020 in binary classification.

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Table 14 Expand

Fig 24.

Confusion matrix for LITNET-2020 dataset using LSTM algorithm.

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Fig 24 Expand

Fig 25.

Confusion matrix for LITNET-2020 dataset using ILSTM algorithm.

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Fig 25 Expand

Table 15.

Comparison between LSTM, ILSTM using LITNET-2020 in multi-class classification.

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Table 15 Expand

Fig 26.

LSTM vs ILSTM for LITNET-2020 in multi-class classification.

A: LSTM. B: ILSTM.

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Fig 26 Expand