Fig 1.
Outline of the research protocol adopted for this study.
Fig 2.
Pictorial representation of (a) non-tire automotive rubber particles, (b) PPO, and (c) sulfur.
Table 1.
Physical characteristics of base binder.
Fig 3.
Schematic illustration for the formulation of composite asphalt binder.
Table 2.
Nomenclature and compositional information of studied asphalt formulations.
Fig 4.
Schematics for rubber extraction test.
Table 3.
Specifics of separation indices (SIs).
Fig 5.
Softening point difference results after (a) 48 h and (b) 96 h of thermal storage.
Fig 6.
SI based on rotational viscosity after (a) 48 h and (b) 96 h of thermal storage.
Fig 7.
SI based on G*/sin δ after (a) 48 h and (b) 96 h of thermal storage.
Fig 8.
SI based on MSCR Jnr after (a) 48 h and (b) 96 h of thermal storage.
Fig 9.
FTIR spectra of top and bottom parts of (a) binder R and (b) binder RP6p.
Fig 10.
Chemical separation index (SIFTIR) after (a) 48 h and (b) 96 h of thermal storage.
Fig 11.
Chemical separation index (SIFTIR) as a function of (a) SPD and (b) SIG*/sin δ.
Fig 12.
AFM micrographs after 48 h of thermal storage of binders: (a) R-top, (b) R-bottom, (c) RP6-top, (d) RP6-bottom, (e) RP6p-top, (f) RP6p-bottom; and after 98 h of thermal storage of binders: (g) R-top, (h) R-bottom, (i) RP6-top, (j) RP6-bottom, (k) RP6p-top, (l) RP6p-bottom.
Fig 13.
SIRET results from rubber extraction test after (a) 48 h and (b) 96 h of thermal storage.
Fig 14.
SIRET as a function of (a) SPD and (b) SIG*/sin δ.