Table 1.
Average data from food intake, weight gain, liver and kidney weight, and serum biochemical parameters of male (M) and female (F) Wistar rats studied, after 14 experimental days.
Rats were fed with the control diet and different doses of the standardized Gl-1 extract from Ganoderma lucidum.
Table 2.
Average data from food intake, weight gain, liver and kidney weight, and serum biochemical parameters of male (M) and female (F) Wistar rats studied, after 14 experimental days.
Rats were fed with the control diet and different doses of the standardized Gl-2 extract from Ganoderma lucidum.
Table 3.
Average data from urinary biochemical parameters of male (M) and female (F) Wistar rats studied, after 14 experimental days.
Rats were fed with the control diet and different doses of standardized Gl-1 or Gl-2 extracts from Ganoderma lucidum.
Fig 1.
Hepatic tissue stained with hematoxylin and eosin, showed no liver damage in male (M) and female (F) Wistar rats after consuming the standardized Gl-1 extract of Ganoderma lucidum for 14 experimental days.
A–B: Control (Ctrl) groups. C–D: Treated groups consuming the 5000 mg/kg bw/day dose.
Fig 2.
Hepatic tissue stained with hematoxylin and eosin, showed no liver damage in male (M) and female (F) Wistar rats after consuming the standardized Gl-2 extract of Ganoderma lucidum for 14 experimental days.
A–B: Control (Ctrl) groups. C–D: Treated groups consuming the 5000 mg/kg bw/day dose.
Fig 3.
Kidney tissue stained with hematoxylin and eosin, showed no kidney damage in male (M) and female (F) Wistar rats after consuming the standardized Gl-1 extract of Ganoderma lucidum for 14 experimental days.
A–B: Control (Ctrl) groups. C–D: Treated groups consuming the 5000 mg/kg bw/day dose.
Fig 4.
Kidney tissue stained with hematoxylin and eosin, showed no kidney damage in male (M) and female (F) Wistar rats after consuming the standardized Gl-2 extract of Ganoderma lucidum for 14 experimental days.
A–B: Control (Ctrl) groups. C–D: Treated groups consuming the 5000 mg/kg bw/day dose.
Fig 5.
Renal KIM-1/TIM-1 protein (pg/mL) concentration in kidney tissue from the male (M) or female (F) Wistar rats fed with the control diet (Ctrl) and different doses of standardized Gl-1 or Gl-2 extracts of Ganoderma lucidum for 14 experimental days.
Data are presented as mean ± SEM per experimental group. Different letters on a column indicate significant differences, p < 0.05. Values (p) correspond to one-way ANOVA from Tukey’s multiple comparison test. A–B: Administration of the Gl-1 extract. C–D: Administration of the Gl-2 extract. The dose was administered per experimental group as described in the materials and methods section.
Fig 6.
Renal TLR4 protein of kidney tissue from male (M) or female (F) Wistar rats fed with the control diet (Ctrl) and different doses of standardized Gl-1 or Gl-2 extracts of Ganoderma lucidum for 14 experimental days.
Data are presented as mean ± SEM per experimental group. No significant differences were found (p < 0.05). Densitometry data were generated from Western blots shown in Fig 8. A–B: Administration of the Gl-1 extract. C–D: Administration of the Gl-2 extract. The dose administered per experimental group is described in the materials and methods section.
Fig 7.
Renal NF-кB protein of kidney tissue from male (M) or female (F) Wistar rats fed with the control diet (Ctrl) and different doses of standardized Gl-1 or Gl-2 extracts of Ganoderma lucidum for 14 experimental days.
Data are presented as mean ± SEM per experimental group. Different letters on a column indicate significant differences, p < 0.05. Values (p) correspond to one-way ANOVA from Tukey’s multiple comparison test. Densitometry data were generated from Western blots shown in Fig 8. A–B: Administration of the Gl-1 extract. C–D: Administration of the Gl-2 extract. The dose administered per experimental group is described in the materials and methods section.
Fig 8.
Western blot analyses of TLR4 and NF-кB expression in kidney tissue from male (M) or female (F) Wistar rats fed with the control diet (Ctrl) and different doses of standardized Gl-1 or Gl-2 extracts of Ganoderma lucidum for 14 experimental days.
Corresponding densitometry data generated from Western blots are shown in Figs 6 and 7. The dose administered per experimental group is described in the materials and methods section.
Fig 9.
Expression of genes linked to cholesterol metabolism in liver tissue from male (M) or female (F) Wistar rats fed with the control diet (Ctrl) and different doses of the standardized Gl-1 extract of Ganoderma lucidum for 14 experimental days.
A: HMG-CoA. B: Srebp2. C: Ldlr. Data are presented as mean ± SEM per experimental group. Different letters on a column indicate significant differences, p < 0.05. Values (p) correspond to one-way ANOVA from Tukey’s multiple comparison test. The dose administered per experimental group is described in the materials and methods section.
Fig 10.
Expression of genes linked to cholesterol metabolism in liver tissue from male (M) or female (F) Wistar rats fed with the control diet (Ctrl) and different doses of the standardized Gl-2 extract of Ganoderma lucidum for 14 experimental days.
A: HMG-CoA. B: Srebp2. C: Ldlr. Data are presented as mean ± SEM per experimental group. Different letters on a column indicate significant differences, p < 0.05. Values (p) correspond to one-way ANOVA from Tukey’s multiple comparison test. The dose administered per experimental group is described in the materials and methods section.
Fig 11.
Expression of genes linked to inflammatory responses in liver tissue from male (M) or female (F) Wistar rats fed with the control diet (Ctrl) and different doses of the standardized Gl-1 extract of Ganoderma lucidum for 14 experimental days.
A: IL-6. B: TNF-α. C: IL-1β. Data are presented as mean ± SEM per experimental group. Different letters on a column indicate significant differences, p < 0.05. Values (p) correspond to one-way ANOVA from Tukey’s multiple comparison test. The dose administered per experimental group is described in the materials and methods section.
Fig 12.
Expression of genes linked to inflammatory responses in liver tissue from the male (M) or female (F) Wistar rats fed with the control diet (Ctrl) and different doses of the standardized Gl-2 extract of Ganoderma lucidum for 14 experimental days.
A: IL-6. B: TNF-α. C: IL-1β. Data are presented as mean ± SEM per experimental group. Different letters on a column indicate significant differences, p < 0.05. Values (p) correspond to one-way ANOVA from Tukey’s multiple comparison test. The dose administered per experimental group is described in the materials and methods section.
Fig 13.
Comparative alpha diversity in the gut microbiota from the male (M) or female (F) Wistar rats fed with the control diet (Ctrl) and different doses of standardized Gl-1 or Gl-2 extracts of Ganoderma lucidum for 14 experimental days, according to the Shannon index.
A–B: Administration of the Gl-1 extract. C–D: Administration of the Gl-2 extract. The dose administered per experimental group is described in the materials and methods section. Different letters on a box indicate significant differences, p < 0.05. Values (p) correspond to one-way ANOVA from Tukey’s multiple comparison test.
Fig 14.
Principal coordinates analysis of beta diversity in the gut microbiota among male (M) or female (F) Wistar rats fed with the control diet (Ctrl) and different doses of standardized Gl-1 or Gl-2 extracts of Ganoderma lucidum for 14 experimental days.
A: Administration of the Gl-1 extract. B: Administration of the Gl-2 extract. The dose administered per experimental group is described in the materials and methods section.
Fig 15.
Effect of different doses of standardized Gl-1 extract of Ganoderma lucidum on the taxonomic distribution of bacterial communities from the gut microbiota of male (M) or female (F) Wistar rats for 14 experimental days.
Main average bacterial relative abundance (BRA) is presented at the following taxonomic ranks: Phyllum (A), Order (B), Family (C), Genus (D), and Species (E). The dose administered per experimental group is described in the materials and methods section. Scientific names according to international database (http://www.catalogueoflife.org/).
Fig 16.
Effect of different doses of standardized Gl-2 extract of Ganoderma lucidum on the taxonomic distribution of bacterial communities from the gut microbiota of male (M) or female (F) Wistar rats after 14 experimental days.
The main average bacterial relative abundance (BRA) is presented at the following taxonomic ranks: Phyllum (A), Order (B), Family (C), Genus (D), and Species (E). The dose administered per experimental group is described in the materials and methods section. Scientific names according to international database (http://www.catalogueoflife.org/).