Fig 1.
Experiment design illustrating the Intake/Orientation session, five sessions of NF training and six sessions of Go-NoGo SH task testing. Insert above shows six blocks (6 trials/block) of NF training for the INC (all increase Fmθ) and ALT (3 increase and 3 decrease Fmθ randomly assigned) groups with eyes-open rest periods before and after NF training (EO1-EO2). Insert below shows four blocks (90 trials/block) in both Low and High time stress conditions (counterbalanced order by subjects and sessions), with eyes-open rest periods before and after each SH task condition (EO1-EO3).
Fig 2.
Example 30-s single trial of NF modulation, partially completed. The black line is 0 dB, the red line is the goal threshold, the blue line is the feedback signal, and the green arrow is the up-regulation instruction indicator.
Fig 3.
Single trial of SH task showing enemy target appearing at far right target location and current score feedback.
Fig 4.
Fmθ changes within and across sessions for each group during NF.
Changes in Fmθ over Blocks and Sessions of NF training for each Group (error bars are SE).
Fig 5.
FCz full spectrum and topographic maps of theta and alpha power for the first and last training sessions for each group during NF.
Topographic maps of mean theta (4–7 Hz; top row) and alpha (8–13 Hz; bottom row) averaged over Blocks for Session 1 (left map) and Session 5 (right map) of NF training and corresponding mean power spectra at FCz from 0–30 Hz for INC group (left spectra), ALT group, down-modulation (middle spectra), and ALT group, up-modulation blocks (right spectra).
Table 1.
Full MLM of Fmθ during NF training.
Fig 6.
Fmθ changes across sessions in low and high time-stress conditions for each group during SH.
Changes in Fmθ over Sessions during Go-NoGo shooting task in Low (left) and High (right) time-stress conditions for each Group (error bars are SE).
Fig 7.
FCz full spectrum and topographic maps of theta and alpha power for the first and last testing sessions for each group during SH.
Topographic maps of mean theta (4–7 Hz; top row) and alpha (8–13 Hz; bottom row) power averaged over Blocks for Session 1 (left map) and Session 6 (right map) during SH task and corresponding mean power spectra at FCz from 0–30 Hz for INC group (column 1) and ALT group (column 2) in Low (row 1) and High (row 2) time stress conditions.
Table 2.
Full MLMs of Fmθ during Go-NoGo shooting task.
Fig 8.
Changes in errors of commission across sessions in low and high time-stress conditions for each group.
Percentage errors of commission over Sessions in the Low (left) and High (right) time-stress conditions for each Group (error bars are SE).
Table 3.
Full MLMs for behavioral measures from Go-NoGo shooting task.
Fig 9.
Changes in shooting accuracy across sessions in low and high time-stress conditions for each group.
Percentage enemy targets hit over Sessions in the Low (left) and High (right) time-stress conditions for each Group (error bars are SE).
Fig 10.
Changes in RTs across sessions in low and high time-stress conditions for each group.
RTs to enemy targets over Sessions in the Low (left) and High (right) time-stress conditions for each Group (error bars are SE).