Fig 1.
The schematic representation of bioinformatic analysis.
Fig 2.
The Alpha diversity of gut microbiota in different groups.
(a) ACE index reflected the richness of two groups, it showed that the influence of different groups on microorganisms richness might be limited (P = 0.733), (b) The results showed that Shannon index between two groups was statistically different (P < 0.001), indicating that the evenness of the gut microbiota was affected by CKD.
Fig 3.
PCoA analysis in phylum level in different groups.
(a) PCoA scree plot showed the first two axes account for 56% of the total variance. (b) PCoA ordination plot of axis 1 and 2, its showed that the samples were relatively separated at axis 1. (c) PCoA ordination plot of axis 1 and 3, it showed that there was no visual separation on axis 3. (d) ANOSIM test exhibited the intergroup differences in two groups were greater than the intragroup group (P = 0.001).
Fig 4.
PCoA analysis in genus level in different groups.
(a) PCoA scree plot showed the first two axes account for 29% of the total variance. (b) PCoA ordination plot of axis 1 and 2 showed the clustering of samples in different groups. (c) ANOSIM test showed the intergroup difference between CKD and HC groups (P = 0.001).
Fig 5.
Annotation analysis of gut microbiota species.
(a) bar plot of the top 10 phyla with the highest abundance, (b) bar plot of the top 10 genera with the highest abundance, (c) average relative abundance of the top 10 phyla or genera in abundance.
Table 1.
F/B ratio in CKD and HC groups.
Fig 6.
Volcano map of the genus-level microbial communities with different abundance in the CKD group compared with HC group.
Most of the bacteria with decreased abundance belonged to Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteriota.
Table 2.
TOP10 different pathways.