Fig 1.
Locations of languages in Kinbank.
Each point indicates a unique language variety and is centered on the geographical center-point of the area where the speakers live when the data were recorded, but may also indicate a historical location, the demographic center-point or some other representative point. Colored points indicate languages from the 7 language families mentioned in text: Austronesian (light blue; n = 377); Pama-Nyungan (red; n = 105); Indo-European (yellow; n = 106), Bantu (orange; n = 113), Uralic (purple; n = 25), Tupian (maroon; n = 29); Cariban (pale blue; n = 7) and other languages (grey).
Table 1.
Descriptions of the tables used in Kinbank and the data they contain.
An extended description with additional structuring files is given in S3 Table in S1 File.
Fig 2.
Probability of consonant and vowel combinations used in words referring to mother.
Each row shows the probability density estimate from the model posterior. The colored sections and annotated numbers show 89% highest probability density intervals. Intervals that contain 0.5 have no statistical effect (since there is a 50:50 chance the sound refers to mother or father). Results show words with a root syllable of [ŋa] and [na] are more likely to refer to mother and [pa] and [ta] to refer to father. [ma] words are predicted to be used equally between mother and father words.
Fig 3.
Maximum clade credibility tree of Bantu languages displaying four possible states: No cross-cousin marriage (CM) and no bifurcate-merging (BM) of kinterms (black), no cross-cousin marriage with bifurcate-merging (yellow), cross-cousin marriage and no bifurcate merging (red), and both cross-cousin marriage and bifurcate merging are present (light blue), with their likely probabilities from a dependent model of evolution.
Languages marked with grey show where kinterms data were present, but social data were imputed by BayesTraits. Pie-graphs indicate the probability of states at each node, which were calculated using the BayesTrait command "RecNode". Deeper into the phylogeny there is much uncertainty as to the relationship between these two traits, indicated by the almost equal probability of all four states.