Fig 1.
Economic impact pathways for protected areas.
The inner channels “a” (in light blue color) show the direct impacts through tourist spending on park entrance fees, which accrue to park authorities/government; lodging and tourism activities, provided by tourism lodges and local businesses; and goods and services supplied by local households, farms, and businesses. The outer circles “b” and “c” (in orange) describe the production, income, and consumption linkages within the local economy near Protected Areas.
Fig 2.
Survey data characteristics and different elements.
Survey data on tourist, households, businesses, hotels, and lodges were collected in each PA. The data were used for econometric estimations, which were then used in the LEWIE model.
Table 1.
Impact of an additional tourist in the five protected areas.
Fig 3.
Impact of an additional tourist on real (inflation-adjusted) incomes in protected areas.
The stacked vertical bars indicate the real (inflation-adjusted) impact of an additional tourist on total income in the local economy near the PA. The vertical line on each bar shows the confidence interval around this local economy impact. The blue and green colors decompose the total impacts by households’ poverty status.
Table 2.
Multiplier Effects of $1 of spending by tourists at protected areas.