Table 1.
Variables, measurement units and definitions.
Fig 1.
The estimation scheme for exploring FDI’s impact on BRICS economies’ technological innovations.
Fig 2.
Box chart of the five variables.
Note: The square signifies the mean values, the horizontal bar in the box indicates the median values, the dot represents the minimum/maximum values, and the top and bottom edges of the box represent the 75th percentile and 25th percentile, respectively.
Table 2.
Descriptive statistics.
Table 3.
Estimation of cross-sectional dependence and slope homogeneity.
Table 4.
Pesaran CIPS Panel unit root test.
Table 5.
Panel co-integration results.
Table 6.
Results of panel AMG and CCEMG estimators.
Fig 3.
Flows of short-run causality relationship.
Table 7.
Results of Dumitrescu Hurlin panel causality tests.