Fig 1.
Dimensions of the specimen (mm) (reannotated based on ([16])).
Table 1.
Summary of mechanical properties of materials in literature.
Fig 2.
Stress-strain curve of brick masonry under uniaxial tension.
Fig 3.
Details of finite element model.
(A) Model assembly. (B) Loads and boundaries. (C) “Tie” connection between bottom beam and masonry wall. (D) “Tie” connection between top loading beam and masonry wall.
Fig 4.
Comparison of the results of testing and simulation.
(A) Force–displacement curve. (B) Initial cracking pattern and stress nephogram. (C) Severe cracking pattern and stress nephogram.
Table 2.
Summary of wall dimensions in different literature.
Table 3.
Design parameters of the model.
Fig 5.
Partial stress nephogram of damage–tensile.
(A) M1-1. (B) M1-3. (C) M1-5. (D) M2-1. (E) M2-3. (F) M2-5. (G) M3-1. (H) M3-3. (I) M3-5. (J) M4-1. (K) M4-3. (L) M4-5. (M) M5-1. (N) M5-3. (O) M5-5.
Fig 6.
Partial stress nephogram of PEEQ.
(A) M1-1. (B) M1-3. (C) M1-5. (D) M2-1. (E) M2-3. (F) M2-5. (G) M3-1. (H) M3-3. (I) M3-5. (J) M4-1. (K) M4-3. (L) M4-5. (M) M5-1. (N) M5-3. (O) M5-5.
Table 4.
Summary of failure modes for all models.
Fig 7.
(A) M1-1 – M1-6. (B) M2-1 – M2-6. (C) M3-1 – M3-6. (D) M4-1 – M4-6. (E) M5-1 – M5-6.