Fig 1.
Four-step process of the empirical survey.
Fig 2.
Composition of projects for the research calls Stadt der Zukunft (average for the years 2019, 2020, 2021), Energieforschung (average for the years 2017, 2018, 2019, no data were available for the years 2020 and 2021.), and Vorzeigeregion.
Table 1.
Share of project leads per partner category.
Fig 3.
Scatter plot of Number of organizations per project (incl. lead partner) against funding in k€.
Fig 4.
Responses of the verification sample (see chapter 2.2.3) to the question “what total number of days they and their organization in total spent preparing proposals”.
Each bar represents one response.
Table 2.
Outlier detection.
Table 3.
Analysis of the remaining data: Minimum, Maximum, Median, Standard Deviation.
Fig 5.
Responses to the question “How much time in days did your organization spend working on the proposal overall (including your days)?”.
Fig 6.
Days (as a continuous variable) spent by the researchers’ organization to prepare a research proposal either as partner (blue) or as lead (red) for the corresponding budget (as a categorical variable).
Fig 7.
Days (as a continuous variable) spent by the researchers’ organization to prepare either a new (blue) or resubmitted (red) research proposal for the corresponding budget (as a categorical variable).
Table 4.
Responses to the question “How much time in days did your organization spend working on the proposal overall (including your days)?” for different categories.
Table 5.
Aggregated data: Medians, Means and 95% confidence intervals.
Fig 8.
The time required to write hypothetical proposals as a function of the acceptance rate in order to fund a single hypothetical project.
The acceptance rate of 17% is the acceptance rate of the research call Energieforschung in 2018 [29].
Fig 9.
Share of responses for the different categories; responses were collected as single choice for the categories shown on the x axis.
Each bar represents the share of responses for the respective category.
Fig 10.
Responses from research based on a 5-point Likert scale.
Fig 11.
Responses from industry based on a 5-point Likert scale.
Fig 12.
Share of responses for the different categories; responses were collected as single choice for the categories shown on the x axis.
Each bar represents the share of responses for the respective category.