Fig 1.
Localization diagnosis of low back pain.
The location of low back pain (LBP) was categorized into four areas by palpation: A. midline of the lumbar region; B. paravertebral muscles; C. upper buttock; and D. sacroiliac joint.
Table 1.
Characteristics of subjects with or without low back pain.
Table 2.
Characteristics of low back pain intensity.
Fig 2.
a: Number of subjects in LBP-positive group; b: Number of subjects in LBP-one location group. LBP: Low back pain; A. midline of the lumbar region, B. paravertebral muscles, C. upper buttock, and D. sacroiliac joint.
Table 3.
Characteristics of subjects who had LBP in one location (LBP-one location group).
Fig 3.
Relationship between the intensity of low back pain and the location of low back pain.
NRS scores of the LBP-one location group in several situations/positions were assessed by the location of LBP. 1. Morning awakening, 2. Walking, 3. Standing, 4. Sitting, and 5. Lying down. A. midline of the lumbar region, B. paravertebral muscles, C. upper buttock, and D. sacroiliac joint. NRS: Numerical rating scale; LBP: Low back pain.
Fig 4.
Relationship between the intensity of low back pain in different situations/positions and the location of low back pain.
The differences in NRS scores of the LBP-one location group were evaluated in different situations/positions. 1. Morning awakening, 2. Walking, 3. Standing, 4. Sitting, and 5. Lying down. A. midline of the lumbar region, B. paravertebral muscles, C. upper buttock, and D. sacroiliac joint. NRS: Numerical rating scale; LBP: Low back pain.
Fig 5.
Relationship between the location of low back pain and the extent of QoL issues.
a: ODI scores of the LBP-one location group; b: EQ-5D scores of the LBP-one location group; c: EQ-VAS score of LBP-one location group; A. midline of the lumbar region, B. paravertebral muscles, C. upper buttock, D. sacroiliac joint. LBP: Low back pain; QoL: Quality of life; ODI: Oswestry Disability Index; EQ-5D: EuroQol-5 dimension, EQ-VAS: EuroQol-visual analogue scale.