Fig 1.
Ricardo Alegría (left) and Irving Rouse (right) obtaining radiocarbon dates from María de la Cruz Cave, Loíza, July 13, 1962. Note bulk sample size and methods of sample collection, both of which would affect the dates obtained. Image available at Biblioteca Digital Puertorriqueña, https://upr.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/ELM4068/id/408/rec/16).
Fig 2.
Rouse’s culture-chronology scheme for Puerto Rico.
For explanation of categories/terms, see section below entitled, “A brief history of time in Puerto Rican archaeology”. Drawn by Jill Seagard, after Rouse [4].
Fig 3.
Plot of thirteen original radiocarbon dates obtained from Puerto Rico as presented by Rouse and Alegría in 1963 [2].
Table 1.
Fig 4.
Number of radiocarbon dates in the database (S1 Table) by municipality.
Table 2.
Fig 5.
Modeled date ranges for the Coroso style in Puerto Rico.
Probability distributions indicate modeled 2σ (95.4%) confidence intervals for beginning and end of phase.
Fig 6.
Modeled date ranges for the Hacienda Grande style.
Probability distributions indicate modeled 2σ (95.4%) confidence intervals for beginning and end of phase.
Fig 7.
Modeled date ranges for the La Hueca style in Puerto Rico.
Probability distributions indicate modeled 2σ (95.4%) confidence intervals for beginning and end of phase.
Fig 8.
Trimodal distribution of La Hueca radiocarbon dates.
Blue line represents summed probability distribution of all calibrated (but unmodeled) La Hueca radiocarbon dates. Orange and grey lines are Intcal20 and Marine20 calibration curves, respectively, presented to make clear that three peaks of combined La Hueca dates are consequence of actual distribution of dates, not an artifact of calibration.
Fig 9.
Modeled date ranges for the Cuevas style in Puerto Rico.
Probability distributions indicate modeled 2σ (95.4%) confidence intervals for beginning and end of phase.
Fig 10.
Modeled date ranges for the Ostiones style in Puerto Rico.
Probability distributions indicate modeled 2σ (95.4%) confidence intervals for beginning and end of phase.
Fig 11.
Modeled date ranges for the Pure Ostiones manifestation in Puerto Rico.
Probability distributions indicate modeled 2σ (95.4%) confidence intervals for beginning and end of phase.
Fig 12.
Modeled date ranges for the Modified Ostiones manifestation in Puerto Rico.
Probability distributions indicate modeled 2σ (95.4%) confidence intervals for beginning and end of phase.
Fig 13.
Modeled date ranges for the Monserrate style in Puerto Rico.
Probability distributions indicate modeled 2σ (95.4%) confidence intervals for beginning and end of phase.
Fig 14.
Modeled date ranges for the Santa Elena style in Puerto Rico.
Probability distributions indicate modeled 2σ (95.4%) confidence intervals for beginning and end of phase.
Fig 15.
Modeled date ranges for the Capá style in Puerto Rico.
Probability distributions indicate modeled 2σ (95.4%) confidence intervals for beginning and end of phase.
Fig 16.
Modeled date ranges for the Esperanza style in Puerto Rico.
Probability distributions indicate modeled 2σ (95.4%) confidence intervals for beginning and end of phase.
Fig 17.
Battleship curves (count by century) of modeled and calibrated dates (mcal) for 10 Rousean styles.
Note that Coroso style’s duration is artificially begun in the 5th century B.C., as its prolonged duration (over 4000 years) otherwise distorts scale of figure to such a degree as to make it useless. Moreover, 100% of dates prior to 5th century B.C. belong to Coroso style.
Fig 18.
Battleship curves (percent of dates by style and century) of modeled and calibrated dates (mcal) for 10 Rousean styles.
Note that Coroso style’s duration is artificially begun in the 5th century B.C., as its prolonged duration (over 4000 years) otherwise distorts scale of figure to such a degree as to make it useless. Moreover, 100% of dates prior to 5th century B.C. belong to Coroso style.
Fig 19.
Battleship curves (percent by century) of modeled and calibrated dates for 10 Rousean styles.
Modeled and calibrated (mcal) dates presented in black, calibrated but unmodeled dates in red. Note that Coroso style’s duration is artificially begun in the 5th century B.C., as its prolonged duration (over 4000 years) otherwise distorts scale of figure to such a degree as to make it useless. Moreover, 100% of dates prior to 5th century B.C. belong to Coroso style.