Fig 1.
Graph showing the paralysis time and death time of Raillietina spp treated with different doses and fractions of the ethanolic extract of Holarrhena pubescens.
Table 1.
Results of efficacy testing of the ethanolic crude extract of Holarrhena pubescens and fractions of the ethanolic extract on Raillietina spp.
Fig 2.
Scanning electron micrographs of the head (a—d), neck (e—h) and proglottids (i—l) of control and treated Raillietina spp. Control (a, e, i), Praziquantel exposed (b, f, j), Ethanolic crude extract exposed (c, g, k), Ethyl acetate fraction exposed (d, h, l) (all scale bars = 20μm).
Fig 3.
Transmission electron microscopy images of sections of Control (a), Praziquantel (b), Ethanolic crude extract (c), Ethyl acetate fraction treated (d) Raillietina spp. showing Microtrix layer (MT), distal cytoplasm (DC) and basal lamina (BL) (all scale bar = 1μm).
Fig 4.
Transmission electron microscopy images of sections of Control (a, e), Praziquantel treated (b, f), Ethanolic crude extract (c, g) Ethyl acetate fraction (d, h) treated Raillietina spp showing nucleus (N), nucleolus (NL) and nuclear membrane (NM) and mitochondria (M); Scale bars = 0.5 μm (a—d) and 0.2 μm (e—h).
Fig 5.
Histochemical evidence of AcPase (a—d) and AlkPase (e—h) activity in Raillietina spp., T-Tegument, ST -Subtegument, SM-Somatic musculature, P-Parenchyma, (a, e). Control, (b, f) Praziquantel, (c, g) Crude extract (d, h) Ethyl acetate fraction treated (All scale bars = 50 μm).
Fig 6.
Histochemical evidence of ATPase (a—d) and 5’-Nu (e—h) activity in Raillietina spp., T-Tegument, ST -Subtegument, SM-Somatic musculature, P-Parenchyma, (a, e) Control, (b, f) Praziquantel, (c, g) Crude extract treated, (d & h) Ethyl acetate fraction treated (All scale bars = 50 μm).
Fig 7.
ROC curves for GLCM parameters of images obtained from histochemical studies on different enzymes in Raillietina spp.
Table 2.
GLCM parameters of images obtained from histochemical studies of different enzymes in Raillietina spp.
Table 3.
Area under curve (AUC) values of GLCM parameters of images obtained from histochemical studies of different enzymes in Raillietina spp.
Fig 8.
Graph showing the effect on total and specific activities of different tegumental enzymes of Raillietina spp. treated with crude extract and fractions of Holarrhena pubescens.
C- Control, PZ- Praziquantel treated, ECE- Ethanolic crude extract treated, EAF- Ethyl acetate fraction treated.
Table 4.
Results of biochemical analysis of enzyme activity in Raillietina spp.