Fig 1.
The diagonal lines for the interpretation of isobolograms in the interaction study between two bioactive substances.
A: Synergy, B: Additivity, C: Indifference, D: Antagonism.
Table 1.
Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) and Minimal Bactericidal Concentrations (MBCs) of compounds and antibiotics on MRSA ATCC 33591.
Table 2.
Fractional Minimum inhibitory concentration indices (FICI) of different combinations of mallotojaponin B and chloramphenicol vis-à-vis MRSA ATCC 33591.
Fig 2.
Isobologram representing the synergistic interaction between mallotojaponin B and chloramphenicol on MRSA ATCC 33591.
Fig 3.
Percentage of inhibition of synergistic combinations and chloramphenicol on Vero and Raw cells.
CPL: chloramphenicol; Comb: combination; Comb 1: 0.781 μg/mL of mallotojaponin B and 1.95 μg/mL of chloramphenicol; Comb 2: 0.781 μg/mL of mallotojaponin B and 7.812 μg/mL of chloramphenicol; Comb 3: 1.562 μg/mL of mallotojaponin B and 3.9 μg/mL of chloramphenicol; Comb 4: 0.781 μg/mL of mallotojaponin B and 15.625 μg/mL of chloramphenicol; Comb 5: 0.781 μg/mL of mallotojaponin B and 31.25 μg/mL of chloramphenicol; Comb 6: 3.125 μg/mL of mallotojaponin B and 3.9 μg/mL of chloramphenicol; PODO: Podophyllotoxin; For the same cell lines, bars with the same letter show that there is no significant difference between the different treatments at p ≤0.05.
Fig 4.
Growth curves of MRSA following exposure to various concentrations of mallotojaponin B and synergistic combinations.
MIC: Minimum Inhibitory Concentration; PC: positive control (Ciprofloxacin); NC: negative control; Comb: combination; Comb 1: 0.781 μg/mL of mallotojaponin B and 1.95 μg/mL of chloramphenicol; Comb 2: 0.781 μg/mL of mallotojaponin B and 7.812 μg/mL of chloramphenicol; Comb 3: 1.562 μg/mL of mallotojaponin B and 3.9 μg/mL of chloramphenicol.
Fig 5.
Effect of the mallotojaponin B and the different combinations on nucleotide leakage MRSA ATCC 33591.
MIC: Minimum Inhibitory Concentration; PC: positive control (TritonX); NC: negative control; Comb: combination; Comb 1: 0.781 μg/mL of mallotojaponin B and 1.95 μg/mL of chloramphenicol; Comb 2: 0.781 μg/mL of mallotojaponin B and 7.812 μg/mL of chloramphenicol; Comb 3: 1.562 μg/mL of mallotojaponin B and 3.9 μg/mL of chloramphenicol.
Fig 6.
Variation in the number of S. aureus colonies as a function of extract and NaCl concentration.
MIC: Minimum Inhibitory Concentration; PC: positive control; NC: negative control; Comb: Combination; Comb 1: 0.781 μg/ml of mallotojaponin B and 1.95 μg/mL of chloramphenicol; Comb 2: 0.781 μg/mL of mallotojaponin B and 7.812 μg/mL of chloramphenicol; Comb 3: 1.562 μg/mL of mallotojaponin B and 3.9 μg/mL of chloramphenicol; For each salt concentration, histograms carrying the same letters are not significantly different (p˃0.05); while for each test sample, histograms with same Greek alphabets are not significantly different, Waller Duncan test.
Fig 7.
(A and B). Biomass of biofilms produced by MRSA ATCC 33591 in different cultures medium after 24 and 48hrs of incubation. MHB: Muller Hinton Broth; MHB 1%: Muller Hinton Broth with Glucose 1%; MHB 2%: Muller Hinton Broth with Glucose 2%; TSG 1%: Tryptic Soy with Glucose 1%; TSG2%: Tryptic Soy with Glucose 2%; BHI: Brain Heart Infusion; BHI 1%: Brain Heart Infusion with Glucose 1%; BHI 2%: Brain Heart Infusion with Glucose 2%. Histograms with the same letters are not significantly different (p ˃0.05), while those carrying the same Greek alphabet are not significantly different for the same medium.
Fig 8.
Percentage of inhibition of biofilm of MRSA ATCC 33591 in MHB 2%.
CP: Ciprofloxacin; Comb: Combination; Comb 1: 0.781 μg/mL of mallotojaponin B and 1.95 μg/mL of chloramphenicol; Comb 2: 0.781 μg/mL of mallotojaponin B and 7.812 μg/mL of chloramphenicol; Comb 3: 1.562 μg/mL of mallotojaponin B and 3.9 μg/mL of chloramphenicol; MIC: Minimum Inhibitory Concentration; NC: Negative Control. Histograms with the same letters are not significantly different (p˃0.05).
Fig 9.
Biofilms eradication percentage of mallotojaponin B at different concentrations and combinations.
PC: Ciprofloxacin; Comb: Combination; Comb 1: 0.781 μg/mL of mallotojaponin B and 1.95 μg/mL of chloramphenicol; Comb 2: 0.781 μg/mL of mallotojaponin B and 7.812 μg/mL of chloramphenicol; Comb 3: 1.562 μg/mL of mallotojaponin B and 3.9 μg/mL of chloramphenicol; MIC: Minimum Inhibitory Concentration; NC: Negative Control. Histograms with the same letters are not significantly different at p ≤0.05.