Fig 1.
Sampling locations in Ostrovtsovskaya Lesostep’.
Small rivers Yuzhnaya (YR) and Selimutka (SR), the floodplain oxbows located in open landscapes (OO) and in the forest (FO), the active beaver pond (BP1) and the drained beaver pond (BP2), and the anthropogenic pond (AP). A, B, C–severe forms of the anomaly P syndrome in Pelophylax ridibundus inhabited Ostrovtsovskaya Lesostep’. Scale bar (A–C) is mm.
Table 1.
Primers used for amplification and sequencing of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA fragments of genes in trematodes examined.
Table 2.
Prevalence of planorbid snails in waterbodies examined.
Fig 2.
Phylogenetic relationship of trematodes based on COI sequences.
Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree of trematode species inferred using IQ-TREE with 1,000 SH-like approximate likelihood ratio test (SH-aLRT) and ultra-fast bootstrap (UFboot) replicates each. AM913860, AM913862 and AM913865 Polystoma are used as an outgroup. iNumbers at nodes indicate SH-aLRT support (≥80%)/UFboot support (≥95%); values less shown with “-”.
Fig 3.
Phylogenetic relationship of trematodes based on 28S rRNA sequences.
Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree of trematode species inferred using IQ-TREE with 1,000 SH-like approximate likelihood ratio test (SH-aLRT) and ultra-fast bootstrap (UFboot) replicates each. AY222162, MK387333 Aspidogaster and AY222163 Multicalyx are used as an outgroup. Numbers at nodes indicate SH-aLRT support (≥80%)/UFboot support (≥95%); values less shown with “-”.
Table 3.
Occurrence of trematode species in Planorbarius corneus (n = 4621).
Table 4.
Occurrence of trematode species in Planorbis planorbis (n = 2095).
Table 5.
Diversity indices for species of trematodes from Ostrovtsovskaya Lesostep’ waterbodies.
Table 6.
Trematodes (adult worms and metacercariae) from the individuals (n = 15) of the marsh frog (Pelophylax ridibundus) from waterbodies examined.
Table 7.
Occurrence (%) of trematodes in the first and second intermediate hosts.
Table 8.
Occurrence (%) of Strigea robusta and abnormal individuals of the marsh frog, Pelophylax ridibundus, in waterbodies examined.
Fig 4.
Life cycles of trematode species parasitized in planorbid snails.
SIH—second intermediate host; DH—definitive host; Ab—Australapatemon burti, Bp—Bilharziella polonica, Ds—Diplodiscus subclavatus, Ecr—Echinoparyphium recurvatum, Em—Echinostoma miyagawai, En—Echinostoma nasincovae, Ha—Haematoloechus asper, Hv—Haematoloechus variegatus, Ml—Macrodera longicollis, Ns—Neodiplostomum spathula, Ne—Notocotylus ephemera, Pc—Paralepoderma cloacicola, Phc—Pharyngostomum cordatum, Re—Rubenstrema exasperatum, Sks—Skrjabinoeces similis, Sr—Strigea robusta, Sst—Strigea strigis, Sts—Stichorchis subtriquetrus, Tc—Tylodelphys circibuteonis.
Table 9.
Life cycles of trematode species found in Ostrovtsovskaya Lesostep’.