Table 1.
mRNA primers for real time PCR.
Fig 1.
The comparison of serum levels of insulin in the study groups.
The asterisk (*) symbol shows significant difference with the control group and the plus (+) symbol indicates a significant difference with the diabetic group (P≤0.05). (Cont: Control, Dia: Diabetic, Cro: Crocin, Exe: Exercise). Error bar type: SD: Standard Deviation.
Table 2.
The comparison of fasting blood glucose level in the study groups.
The asterisk (*) symbol shows significant difference between the control and diabetic groups and the plus (+) symbol shows significant difference between diabetic group and diabetic treatment groups (P<0.05). (C: Crocin, E: Exercise).
Table 3.
The comparison of serum levels of lipid profile in the study groups.
The asterisk (*) symbol shows significant difference between control and diabetic groups. The plus (+) symbol shows significant difference between diabetic and diabetic treatment groups (P<0.05). (All measurements were done after the exercise and use of crocin.) (C: Crocin, E: Exercise).
Fig 2.
The comparison difference with the diabetic control group.
The plus (+) symbol indicates significant difference with the control group (P≤0.05) of serum levels of Creatinine in the study groups. The asterisk (*) symbol shows significant. (Cont: Control, Dia: Diabetic, Cro: Crocin, Exe: Exercise). Error bar type: SD: Standard Deviation.
Fig 3.
The comparison of serum levels of urea in the study groups.
The asterisk (*) symbol shows significant difference with the control group. The plus (+) symbol indicates significant difference with the diabetic control group (P≤0.05). (Cont: Control, Dia: Diabetic, Cro: Crocin, Exe: Exercise). Error bar type: SD: Standard Deviation.
Fig 4.
Histological change in study groups.
A. Control; B. Diabetic; C. Diabetic + crocin; D. Diabetic + exercise; E. Diabetic + Crocin + Exercise; F. Crocin; G. Exercise; and H. Crocin + Exercise. As shown in the figure, crocin-treated and regular exercise (group H) significantly reduce the changes and injuries.
Table 4.
The concentration of serum oxidative stress markers in the study groups.
Data are shown as Mean ± (SE). * in Comparison with control group (P = 0.001) and + in Comparison with diabetic group (P = 0.001). (All measurements were done after the exercise and use of crocin.) (C: Crocin, E: Exercise).
Table 5.
The concentration of oxidative stress markers in heart tissue.
Data are shown as Mean ± (SE). * in comparison with control group (P = 0.001) and + in comparison with diabetic group (P = 0.001). (All measurements were done after the exercise and use of crocin.) (C: Crocin, E: Exercise).
Table 6.
The Bax and BCL-2 gene expressions.
Data are shown as Mean ± (SE). *in comparison with control group (P = 0.001) and + in comparison with diabetic group (P = 0.001). (All measurements were done after the exercise and use of crocin.) (C: Crocin, E: Exercise).