Fig 1.
Different phases of HHO (Heidari et al.[16]).
Fig 2.
Optimization process of basic HHO.
Fig 3.
Flow chart of the proposed HHO.
Fig 4.
Typical 2D representations of benchmark mathematical functions: (a), (b) unimodal functions, (c), (d) multimodal functions, and (e), (f) fixed-dimension multimodal functions.
Fig 5.
Convergence curves of F1-F7.
Fig 6.
Convergence curves of F8-F13.
Fig 7.
Convergence curves of F14-F23.
Table 1.
Optimization results of 23 benchmark functions.
Fig 8.
The positioning scenario of UWB.
Fig 9.
Measured positions and real positions.
Fig 10.
Convergence curves of different algorithms.
Fig 11.
Average positioning errors of the test dataset.
Fig 12.
Measuring and predicting errors of the test dataset.
Fig 13.
Predicted, real and measured positions.