Fig 1.
A) Geographic location of the sampling sites (USGS National Map Viewer (http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/)). B-D) Characteristics of the sampling sites and neighboring locations at Ban Bana district, Pattani Province, Thailand.
Table 1.
Physicochemical analyses of soil samples.
Fig 2.
Morphological characteristics of the isolated fungi.
Morphological observation of the 24 fungal isolates based on macroscopic and microscopic morphology (magnification x40). Colony morphology (left panel), microscopic morphology (right panel). All isolates were grown on PDA plates for 7–14 days at 28°C.
Table 2.
BLAST analysis results of the fungal isolates from solar salterns in Pattani Province and their close relatives.
Fig 3.
Phylogenetic analysis of the isolated fungi.
An unrooted phylogenetic tree was generated using the neighbor-joining method based on comparisons of the ITS ribosomal DNA sequences (blue clade), actin (red clade,) and the β-tubulin gene (green clade) of fungal isolates and their closest phylogenetic relatives. Percentages of bootstrap sampling derived from 1000 replications are indicated by the numbers on the tree.
Table 3.
Growth characteristics of different halophilic fungal isolates under different physiological conditions (NaCl and temperature).
Table 4.
Summary of enzymatic activity of some of the studied fungal isolates.
Only isolates positive for at least one substrate are shown.
Fig 4.
Four representative samples of the 13 fungal isolates which exhibited good extracellular enzymes activities.
Fig 5.
Two putative dsRNA patterns of the 3 mycovirus infected strains.
A) Gel electrophoresis of isolated dsRNA patterns of fungal isolates. B) The dsRNA profiles displayed in lines.
Fig 6.
Antimicrobial activity of active fungal isolates was determined by the agar well diffusion method. Culture broth filtrates of 80 μl were tested against pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Fungal filtrates exhibited large zones of inhibition for both Gram-positive (E. faecalis, M. luteus (ATCC9341), S. aureus (ATCC25923), S. epidermidis, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA)) and Gram-negative (E. coli (ATCC25922) and S. Typhi (ATCC19430)) bacteria, including pathogenic yeast (C. albicans (ATCC90028),) and fungi (A. fumigatus AF293).
Table 5.
Preliminary screening of antimicrobial activity of fungi isolated from salterns in Pattani Province, Thailand, was conducted using the agar well diffusion method.