Fig 1.
Map of the southern Levant and the site of Megiddo.
On the left, the location of Megiddo in the southern Levant (Esri ArcGIS Pro, and Ancient World Mapping Center, “Waterway”; “Coastline” http://awmc.unc.edu/wordpress/map-files/ [Accessed: June 10, 2022], used under ODbL 1.0 and DbCL 1.0 licenses). On the right, the excavated areas at Megiddo, with Area H highlighted in red (plan courtesy of the Megiddo Expedition and presented here under a CC BY license).
Fig 2.
Bioarchaeological context of this study.
a: The Area H (H-15) domestic structure, with Tomb 45 highlighted in yellow. (Adapted from [7] under a CC BY license, with permission from the Megiddo Expedition, original copyright 2022). b: In-situ photograph of early exposure of burial context. c: Composite drawing featuring all layers. Individual 1 is blue, Individual 2 is green, faunal remains are orange. Note the fragment of Individual 2 to the right of Individual 1’s right humerus.
Fig 3.
Image shown in right lateral view. Scale bar is 1 cm.
Fig 4.
Selected lesions and anomalies of Individual 1.
a: Posterior cranium with arrows pointing towards increased porosity. b: Left maxilla in inferior view with arrows highlighting the increased porosity of the hard palate. c: Left maxilla in lateral view with arrows showing alveolar recession. d: Osteolytic acromial ends of both clavicles in lateral view. e: Distal ends of both fifth metatarsals showing compressed heads with arrows pointing at the circular indentations, and f: Left humerus at midshaft with porosity and sclerotic periosteal impressions. All scale bars are 1 cm.
Fig 5.
Facial trauma of Individual 1.
a: Asymmetry of nasal region in anterior view, with arrows highlighting the abnormal shape of the anterior right nasal and the depression in the left maxilla. b: Asymmetry of nasals from superior view. c: The left maxilla in lateral view, with arrows highlighting healed fractures (top and bottom arrows) and the swelling of bone (center arrow). All scale bars are 1 cm.
Fig 6.
a-b: Magnified edges of the trephination, each with a 2 mm scale bar. Images captured with a Leica EZ4D stereo microscope. c: All four edges of the trephination, scale bar is 1 cm. d: Reconstructed location of trephination on head.
Fig 7.
Left: Trephination with refit excised cranial piece. Right: Both extant pieces found during analysis. All scale bars are 1 cm.
Fig 8.
The dental anomalies of Individual 2.
a: Labial view of the left maxilla with arrow showing odontogenic cyst in-situ. b: labial and lingual views of the odontogenic cyst. c: occlusal view of the left maxilla. d: the upper left third molar indented from the unerupted growth in mesial view. All scale bars are 1cm.
Fig 9.
Selected skeletal elements from Individual 2 which show the extent and variety of the lesions.
a: Right ulna at midshaft in anterior and posterior view, with cross-section in center, b: Right distal femur in posterior view with arrows pointing to sequestra, c: Sacrum and coccyx showing porosity, d: Unsided fibula showing reactive longitudinal periosteal lesions, e: Left distal foot phalanx, ray 1, in dorsal view, showing porosity f: Left fifth metatarsal in dorsal view, showing periosteal new bone growth, g: Left humerus at midshaft (broken postmortem), showing longitudinal fissures and periosteal new bone growth. All scale bars are 1cm.
Fig 10.
The eroded maxillae of Individual 2.
a: Right and left maxillae in anterior view with arrow pointing to widened nasal aperture. b: Right maxilla in medial view. c: Right maxilla in anterior view with arrow pointing towards eroded nasomaxillary border. Scale bars are 1cm.
Table 1.
Locations of periosteal and porous lesions on Individuals 1 and 2.