Fig 1.
The embryonic stages of Ive ptychoderae.
(A) One-cell stage; (B) 2-cell stage; (C) 4-cell stage; (D) 8-cell stage; (E) 16-cell stage; (F) Blastula stage; (G) Gastrula stage; (H) Early limb bud stage; (I) Late limb bud stage. Scale bars: A = 0.5 mm; B–I = 0.05 mm.
Fig 2.
The duration of embryonic stages (1-, 2-, 4-, 8-, 16- cell, blastula, gastrula, and limb bud stages) of Ive ptychoderae.
The assigned time of each stage is indicated in parentheses.
Fig 3.
Images of Nauplius I stage larva of Ive ptychoderae; (A) Bright-field image, and (B) fluorescent image by confocal microscopy with nucleus staining (red). (a1) Antennule; (a2) Antenna; (m) Mandible; (*) Yolky granules. Scale bar = 50 μm.
Fig 4.
Nauplius stage I of Ive ptychoderae.
(A) Habitus, ventral; (B) Antennule; (C) Antenna; (D) Mandible. Scale bars: A = 0.05 mm; B–D = 0.025 mm.
Fig 5.
Nauplius stage II of Ive ptychoderae.
(A) Habitus, ventral; (B) Antennule; (C) Antenna; (D) Mandible. Scale bars: A = 0.05 mm; B–D = 0.025 mm.
Fig 6.
Copepodid stage I of Ive ptychoderae.
(A) Habitus, dorsal; (B) Urosome, dorsal; (C) Caudal ramus; (D) Antennule; (E) Antenna; (F) Labrum; (G) Leg 1; (H) Leg 2; (I) Endopod of leg 2. Scale bars: A = 0.05 mm; B–I = 0.025 mm.
Fig 7.
Copepodid stage II of Ive ptychoderae.
(A) Habitus, dorsal; (B) Urosome, dorsal; (C) Antennule; (D) Antenna; Scale bars: A = 0.05 mm; B–D = 0.025 mm.
Fig 8.
Copepodid stage III of Ive ptychoderae.
(A) Habitus, dorsal; (B) Caudal ramus; (C) Antennal area and oral region, ventral; (D) Antennule; (E) Antenna; (F) Leg 1; (G) Leg 2. Scale bars: A = 0.05 mm; B–G = 0.025 mm.
Fig 9.
Copepodid stage IV of Ive ptychoderae.
(A) Habitus, dorsal; (B) Caudal ramus; (C) Antennule; (D) Antenna; (E) Antennal area and oral region, ventral; (F) Leg 1; (G) Leg 2. Scale bars: A = 0.1 mm; B–G = 0.025 mm.
Fig 10.
Duration of post embryonic stages of Ive ptychoderae.
(1–2) naupliar stages; (I-IV) copepodid stages; (V) adult stage. The duration time (days) of each stage is provided and the number of copepod individuals at each developmental stage is indicated in parentheses. Dotted line indicates the end of incubator experiment.