Fig 1.
Schematic of the treatment procedure.
Fig 2.
Effect of BPA and VitD on the motor activity in male and female mice.
Data are represented as mean ± SD (n = 12), and P < 0.05 is represented as * and P < 0.01 is represented as **.
Fig 3.
Effect of VitD and BPA on mice body and spleen weight.
(A) Quantification of body weight, (B) Quantification of spleen weight. Data are represented as mean ± SD (n = 12), and P < 0.01 is represented as **, while P < 0.001 is represented as ***.
Fig 4.
VitD attenuates leukocyte counts following BPA exposure.
The mice were divided into different groups: control, vehicle, VitD, BPA, or BPA+VitD. The quantification of (A) WBCs, (B) monocytes, (C) neutrophils, (D), basophils, (E) lymphocytes, and (F) eosinophils. Data are represented as mean ± SD (n = 12), P < 0.05 is represented as *, and P < 0.01 is represented as **.
Fig 5.
Histopathological analysis in hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained spleen of control and vehicle-treated mice (40×).
(A) The splenic tissues of male and female control mice at lower magnification (panels Ai and ii) showed a typical structure of the spleen. The lymphatic nodules showed a prominent germinal center composed of the white pulp (long arrow) surrounded by splenic cords and venous sinuses composed of the red pulp (short arrow). The splenic tissues of male and female control mice (panels Ai’ and ii’) showed splenic trabeculae (long arrow) and lymphocytic aggregation and part of white pulp in the lymphatic nodules (short arrow). (B) The splenic tissue of male and female vehicle-treated mice at lower magnification (panels Bi and ii) showed lymphatic nodules with a prominent germinal center composed of the white pulp (long arrow). Also, at higher magnification, the splenic tissues of male and female vehicle-treated mice (panels Bi’ and ii’) showed white pulp composed of lymphatic nodules and prominent germinal center (long arrow) and red pulp composed of splenic cords and venous sinuses (short arrow).
Fig 6.
Histopathological analysis in hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained spleen of the VitD-treated mice (40 X).
The splenic tissues of male and female VitD-treated mice at high (panels Ci and ii) and low (panels Ci’ and ii’) magnification exhibit a part of the reactive germinal center (long arrow) with congested sinusoids (long arrow) and a few scattered macrophages (short arrow).
Fig 7.
Histopathological analysis in hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained spleen of the BPA-treated mice and BPA+VitD-treated mice (40×).
(D) The splenic tissues of male and female BPA-treated mice at lower magnification (panels Di and ii) showed hyperplasia of the splenic lymphoid follicles within the white pulp (long arrow), and the red pulp showed dilatation and congestion of the splenic blood vessels (short arrow). At lower magnification, the splenic tissues of male and female BPA-treated mice (panels Di’ and ii’) showed significant hyperplasia of the splenic lymphoid follicles (long arrow) surrounded by marked red pulp congestion (short arrow) and macrophage accumulation at the periphery of the tissues (long arrow) and massive hemosiderosis (short arrow). (E) The splenic tissues of male and female BPA+VitD-treated mice at lower magnification (panels Ei and ii) revealed hyperplasia of the splenic lymphoid follicles, surrounded by congested sinusoids with macrophage accumulation. At higher magnification, the splenic tissues of male and female BPA+VitD-treated mice (panels Ei’ and ii’) showed marked sinusoidal congestion with macrophage accumulation.
Table 1.
Comparison of injury scores between different treatment groups.
Fig 8.
VitD reduces the genomic DNA integrity in BPA-treated mice.
(A) Agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA isolated from the splenic tissues of control (lane 1), BPA-treated (lane 2), and BPA+VitD-treated (lane 3) mice. Data are represented as mean ± SD (n = 12), and P < 0.01 is represented.
Fig 9.
VitD reduces BPA-induced lipid peroxidation.
Data are represented as mean ± SD (n = 12), and P < 0.05 is represented as *, P < 0.01 is represented as **, and P < 0.001 is represented as ***.