Fig 1.
Collection sites are located in the Northeast Pacific Ocean, including an inset of the southern Salish Sea (right) and potential oceanographic barriers investigated in this study.
Table 1.
General information by collection site.
Fig 2.
Discriminant analyses of principal components using all SNPs (A), putatively neutral SNPs (B), and putatively adaptive SNPs (C). Each plot represents the first two discriminant functions. For each plot, axes are labeled with the proportion of among-population variance explained by that discriminant function. Points represent individuals and are colored by collection site, matching the colors of collection sites in the map (Fig 1). Point shapes differ by state to highlight regional effects.
Table 2.
Results of hierarchical population structure, based on AMOVA results.
Fig 3.
Test for isolation by distance for all collection sites (A), northern collection sites (B), and southern collection sites (C). Correlation between in-water distance and linearized FST using all SNPs in black, putatively neutral SNPs in blue, and putatively adaptive SNPs in red.
Table 3.
Dispersal distance results.
Table 4.
Pairwise FST and genic differentiation test results.
Table 5.
Linkage desquilibrium Ne estimates with 95% confidence intervals.
Fig 4.
Results of FST outlier detection methods.
Log10 q-value by FST for outlier detection methods, using results generated by OutFLANK (n = 46) in panel A and BayeScan (n = 50) in panel B. Each point represents a single SNP, colored by whether it was detected as an outlier (red) or not (black).
Table 6.
Univariate gene-environment association results.
Fig 5.
Summary of the results of univariate (Bayenv2) and multivariate (RDA) gene-environment associations.
Panel A is a histogram of log10 Bayes Factors for each combination of SNP and environmental predictor. Panel B and C are RDA biplots of the first two RDA axes, with predictors as vectors and sites as points in ordination space, using Type 1 scaling, a scaling method appropriate for questions related to distance among objects. Panel B is of the retained model using sea surface predictors, and panel C is of the retained model using temperature and current velocity predictors. For each RDA biplot, the proportion of variance explained by each RDA axis is labeled on the axis.
Table 7.
Results of the redundancy analyses (RDA).
Fig 6.
Results of simulations that investigated demographic conditions that reproduced empirical FST results.
Tile maps represent pairwise FST for each combination of effective population size, migration rate, and number of generations of drift elapsed. Short-term (left) represents results from 10 generations of drift, Medium-term (middle) from 100 generations of drift, and Long-term (right) from 1,000 generations of drift. Tile color is divided into three groups based on the scale of FST: smaller than the observed FST values in this study, within the range of observed pairwise FST, and greater than the observed pairwise FST.