Table 1.
Characteristics of immunohistochemistry staining study.
Fig 1.
The D2- structures of A: Catechin B: Epicatechin C: Gallic Acid D: Glibenclamide E: kaempferol F: P-Coumaric Acid and G: Syringic acid docked studied compounds.
Fig 2.
Chromatographic profiles of plant extract.
Table 2.
Quantitative analysis for MEOAL by HPLC.
Table 3.
Antioxidant activity of MEOAL.
Table 4.
Effects of GLB or MEOAL on the body weight gain of STZ-induced diabetic rats at different interval periods in different groups.
Table 5.
Effects of GLB or MEOAL on the blood glucose of STZ-induced diabetic rats at different interval periods in different groups.
Fig 3.
Effect of GLB or MEOAL on histopathological changes of pancreatic tissue in different groups.
Hematoxylin and Eosin staining sections under 40X magnification. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.21828810.v2. Photomicrograph of the pancreas from; (A) Normal control group showing the normal histological architecture of the pancreas with intact and centrally located β-cells (red arrow); (B1&B2) Diabetic control group showing distortion of the islet with prominent necrotic β-cells (yellow arrow), Degenerative alterations in β-cells (white arrow) and inflammatory cells infiltration mainly lymphocytes (blue arrow) have been observed; (C) Diabetic GLB (5mg/kg) treated group showing partial recovery of the tissue with a moderate increase in the number of the β-cells (red arrow); (D) Diabetic MEOAL (200mg/kg) treated group showing partial recovery of the tissue with a moderate increase in the number of the β-cells (red arrow); (E) Diabetic MEOAL (400mg/kg) treated group showing a dramatic recovery of the tissue with a marked increase in the number of the centrally located β-cells (red arrow). Abbreviation: MEOAL; O. acanthium extract. GLB: glibenclamide.
Fig 4.
Effect of GLB or MEOAL on histopathological changes of myocardial tissue in different groups.
Hematoxylin &Eosin staining sections under 40X magnification. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.21828852.v1. Photomicrograph of myocardium from; (A) Normal control group showing healthy myocardial structure with normal myocyte (red arrow); (B1&B2) Diabetic control group showing significantly elevated in inflammatory cells infiltration (blue arrow) score compared to NC (P<0.05, F). Marked edema (black arrow) appeared with pyknosis of myocyte (yellow arrow). Some of the hypertrophic myocytes with enlarged nucleus (grey arrow) and fatty change (brown arrow) were identified; (C) Diabetic GLB (5mg/kg) treated group showing mildly preserved myocardial structure with inhibition of ICS compared to DC (P>0.05, F); (D) Diabetic MEOAL (200mg/kg) treated group showing moderately preserved myocardial structure with inhibition of ICS compared to DC (P<0.05, F); (E) Diabetic MEOAL (400mg/kg) treated group showing dramatically preserved myocardial structure with inhibition of ICS compared to DC (P<0.05, F). However, Fibroblast cell formation (green arrow) and vascular congestion (orange arrow) were indicated in all treated diabetic groups. (F) The bar chart shows the significant differences between the groups in the inflammatory cells score. The results are expressed as mean± SEM (n = 8). P-value was calculated using ANOVA with Post Hoc Tukey test. The same letters mean no significant difference, the different letters (a, b, c, d) mean a significant difference at P<0.05. Abbreviations: NC; normal control group. DC; diabetic control group. ICS; Inflammatory cells score. GLB; 5mg/kg glibenclamide treated group .200or 400- MEOAL; 200 or 400mg/kg O. acanthium extract treated groups, respectively.
Fig 5.
Effect of GLB or MEOAL on insulin changes in the islets of Langerhans in different groups.
Anti-insulin Immunohistochemical staining (40 X). https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.21828864.v1. Pancreatic section from; (A) normal control group showing normal distribution of the insulin that occupies the center of the islet (arrow); (B) Diabetic control group showing marked reduction in the immunohistochemical expression of insulin in β-cells (arrow) compared to NC (P<0.05,F); (C) Diabetic GLB(5mg/kg) treated group showing an increase in insulin content of β-cells compared to DC (P>0.05,F); (D) Diabetic MEOAL (200mg/kg) treated group showing an increase of positive reactivity of insulin in the cytoplasm of β-cells (arrow) compared to DC(P>0.05,F); (E) Diabetic MEOAL (400mg/kg) treated group showing significant increase in the expression of insulin in β-cells (arrow) compared to DC (P<0.05,F). F: The bar chart represents anti-insulin immunopositive staining expressed as area%. The results are expressed as mean± ± SEM (n = 8). P-value was calculated using ANOVA with Post Hoc Tukey test. The same letters mean no significant difference, the different letters (a, b, c) mean a significant difference at P<0.05. Abbreviations: NC; normal control group. DC; diabetic control group. GLB; 5mg/kg glibenclamide treated group .200or 400- MEOAL; 200 or 400mg/kg O. acanthium extract treated groups respectively.
Fig 6.
Effect of GLB or MEOAL on CD206 cells positivity in the myocardium macrophage in different groups.
MRC1 Immunohistochemical staining (40X). https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.21828903.v1. Myocardium section from (A) Normal control group showing few expression of CD206 cells positivity (arrow); (B) Diabetic control group showing few expression of CD206 cells positivity (arrow); (C) Diabetic GLB(5mg/kg) treated group showing increase in CD206 cells positivity (arrow) compared to DC (P>0.05,F);(D) Diabetic MEOAL (200mg/kg) treated group showing significant increase in CD206 cells positivity (arrow) compared to DC (P<0.05,F); (E) Diabetic MEOAL (400mg/kg) treated group showing significant increase in CD206 cells positivity (arrow) compared to DC (P<0.05,F). F: The bar chart represents MRC1 immunopositive staining expressed as area%. The results are expressed as mean± SEM (n = 8). P-value was calculated using ANOVA with Post Hoc Tukey test. The same letters mean no significant difference, the different letters (a, b) mean a significant difference at P<0.05. Abbreviations: NC; normal control group. DC; diabetic control group. GLB; 5mg/kg glibenclamide treated group .200or 400- MEOAL; 200 or 400mg/kg O. acanthium extract treated groups respectively.
Fig 7.
2D and 3D representation of the interaction of catechin with human pancreatic alpha-amylase (PDB ID: 2QV4).
Fig 8.
2D and 3D representation of the interaction of kaempferol with human glucokinase PDB ID: 1V4S.
Table 6.
In silico molecular docking results of GLB and bioactive phytochemicals interaction with antidiabetic receptors.
Fig 9.
2D and 3D representations of the interaction of catechin with COX-2 (PDB ID: 1CVU).
Fig 10.
2D and 3D representations of the interaction of kaempferol with COX-1 (PDB ID: 3N8Y).
Table 7.
In silico molecular docking results of GLB and bioactive phytochemicals interaction with inflammation responsible receptors.