Fig 1.
Flow diagram of patient selection.
Fig 2.
Display of the region-of-interest in color-coded digital subtraction via the anteroposterior (AP) view.
The contrast concentration was measured at the terminal internal carotid artery (white arrow) in the AP view.
Fig 3.
Cerebral arterial silicone phantom (CASP) used to replicate real contrast filling dynamics on cerebral angiography.
(a) A three-dimensional (3D) vessel image in a stereolithography file format used for 3D printing. (b) A 3D-printed vascular acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymer model in a container containing liquid silicone. (c and d) Elimination of the surrounding silicone and extraction of the 3D-printed model. (e) The silicone-coated wax model was placed in rectangular silicone housing. (f) The resistance module of the fluid circulation CASP was composed of a plastic cistern and was filled with a sponge pad.
Fig 4.
Photograph of the entire fluid circulation cerebral arterial silicone phantom system.
Fig 5.
Graph descriptions of contrast concentration-time curves (CCTCs) (a) and comparisons between the original control group (blue lines), and three types of cerebrovascular phantoms (red lines) (b–d). (a) The CCTC comprises four parameters (maximum contrast concentration, time-to-peak, full-width-at-half-maximum [FWHM], and area under curve [AUC]). The time-to-peak represents the time at the maximum contrast concentration of the selected ROI. The FWHM and AUC were measured to compare the widths of curves. (b) Pairwise comparisons between the original control group data and (b) the CASP phantom (type A), (c) phantom with plastic cistern only (type C), and (d) plastic cistern with a sponge pad (type C).
Table 1.
Four parameters for temporal changes in contrast opacity in the phantom types A, B, and C.