Table 1.
Sample allocations.
Fig 1.
Right forearm before and after decellularization.
In the picture on the left, we can see the right forearm before decellularization. The image on the right shows the appearance of the same forearm after decellularization. These pictures illustrate the white aspect of all the structures after the decellularization protocol.
Fig 2.
Results of histologic analysis before and after decellularization.
Pictures showing the histological results before and after decellularization. The stains are from left to right: HE, TM and DAPI. The absence of DNA and nucleic elements after decellularization can be observed.
Fig 3.
Schematic representation pig forearm; A. Part left for microscopic analysis, B. Part for Pullout and indentation, C. Part for compression, D. Ulna for 3 points-bending. This schematic representation shows the different location of the bone sample on which the tests were performed.
Fig 4.
Screw pull-out tests on a decellularized bone (note the drilling of a previous screw); A. Upper Jaw, B. Screw, C. Radius. Here, the top jaw of the tensile test machine moves vertically to perform a traction force on the bone screw. The test bench fixes the position of the specimen. The bone already has a hole made from the previous tensile test on a lateral screw.
Fig 5.
Compression test of decellularized bone (fixed bottom plate, movable top plate); A. Upper plate, B. Lower plate, C. Radial cylinder. This figure shows the installation before a compression test. The bone is placed between the two compression plates. Once the test has started, the upper plate will move down until the bone is compressed.
Fig 6.
3-point bending tests on a decellularized ulna at the beginning of the test (left) and after rupture (right); A. Upper cylinder, B. Lower cylinders, C. Ulna, D. Steel wire, E. Fracture line. The figure shows a 3-point bending test. The left picture corresponds to the test start. The upper cylinder moves down until complete fracture (right picture). The bone is fixed laterally with steel wires to prevent it from slipping.
Fig 7.
Marks left by the indenter after the test (magnification x4).
Typical pyramidal marks left by the Vickers indenter. Each of these marks corresponds to a single hardness measurement.
Fig 8.
Left, box plots representing the extraction force (which corresponds the maximal force recorded in Newton) of the pull-out test for Native, D1 and D2. Right, box plots representing the extraction energy (in Joules) of the pull-out test for Native, D1 and D2.
Table 2.
Result of the GLMM for the pull-out tests.
Fig 9.
Stress-strain curves obtained by performing compression tests. The bold curves correspond to the average curves; light areas are the standard deviation around the corresponding average curve.
Fig 10.
Box plot representing the apparent elastic moduli extracted from the compression test. The apparent elastic modulus corresponds to the slope of the first linear part of the stress-strain curve.
Table 3.
Results of GLMM and ANOVA for compression tests.
Fig 11.
Curves of 3 points bending tests.
Stress-strain curves obtained by performing 3 points bending tests. The bold curves correspond to the average curves, light areas are the standard deviation around the corresponding average curve.
Fig 12.
Results of three-point flexion tests.
Left, box plots representing fracture force (maximal force measured in Newton) of the three-point bending test for Native, D1 and D2. Right, box plots representing the fracture energy (in Joules) of the three-point bending test for Native, D1 and D2.
Table 4.
Results of GLMM and ANOVA for 3 points bending tests.
Fig 13.
Results of the indentation tests.
Box plot representing the results of the indentation test in Vickers Hardness define in Eq (4).
Table 5.
Results of GLMM for indentation tests.